Abstract
Some individuals with reduced motor function rely on scanning keyboards to operate computers. A problem observed with scanning keyboards is that errors typically occur during the first group or first cell of a group. This paper proposes to reduce such errors by introducing longer dwell-times for the first element in scan sequences. The paper theoretically explores several designs and evaluates their effect on overall text entry performance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Medola, F.O., Lanutti, J., Bentim, C.G., Sardella, A., Franchinni, A.E., Paschoarelli, L.C.: Experiences, problems and solutions in computer usage by subjects with tetraplegia. In: Marcus, A. (ed.) Design, User Experience, and Usability: Users and Interactions. DUXU 2015. LNCS, vol. 9187, pp 131–137. Springer, Cham (2015)
Polacek, O., Sporka, A.J., Slavik, P.: Text input for motor-impaired people. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 16, 51–72 (2017)
Francis, G., Johnson, E.: Speed–accuracy tradeoffs in specialized keyboards. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 69, 526–538 (2011)
Sandnes, F.E., Jian, H.L.: Pair-wise variability index: evaluating the cognitive difficulty of using mobile text entry systems. In: International Conference on MobileHCI 2004. LNCS, vol. 3160, pp. 347–350. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Sandnes, F.E.: Human performance characteristics of three-finger chord sequences. Procedia Manuf. 3, 4228–4235 (2015)
Whitney, G., Keith, S., Bühler, C., Hewer, S., Lhotska, L., Miesenberger, K., Sandnes, F.E., Stephanidis, C., Velasco, C.A.: Twenty five years of training and education in ICT design for all and assistive technology. Technol. Disabil. 3, 163–170 (2011)
Sandnes, F.E., Jian, H.L., Huang, Y.P., Huang, Y.M.: User interface design for public kiosks: an evaluation of the Taiwan high speed rail ticket vending machine. J. Inf. Sci. Eng. 26, 307–321 (2010)
Hagen, S., Sandnes, F.E.: Toward accessible self-service kiosks through intelligent user interfaces. Pers. Ubiquit. Comput. 14, 715–721 (2010)
Hagen, S., Sandnes, F.E.: Visual scoping and personal space on shared tabletop surfaces. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 3, 95–102 (2012)
Sandnes, F.E., Herstad, J., Stangeland, A.M., Orsi Medola, F.: UbiWheel: a simple context-aware universal control concept for smart home appliances that encourages active living. In: Proceedings of Smartworld 2017, pp. 446–451. IEEE (2017)
Sandnes, F.E.: Understanding WCAG2.0 color contrast requirements through 3D color space visualization. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 229, 366–375 (2016)
Sandnes, F.E., Zhao, A.: A contrast colour selection scheme for WCAG2. 0-compliant web designs based on HSV-half-planes. In: Proceedings of SMC 2015, pp. 1233–1237. IEEE (2015)
Sandnes, F.E., Zhao, A.: An interactive color picker that ensures WCAG2.0 compliant color contrast levels. Procedia-Comput. Sci. 67, 87–94 (2015)
Eika, E.: Universally designed text on the web: towards readability criteria based on antipatterns. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 229, 461–470 (2016)
Eika, E., Sandnes, F.E.: Assessing the reading level of web texts for WCAG2.0 compliance-can it be done automatically? In: Di Bucchianico, G., Kercher, P. (eds.) Advances in Design for Inclusion. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 500, pp. 361–371. Springer, Cham (2016)
Eika, E., Sandnes, F.E.: Authoring WCAG2.0-compliant texts for the web through text readability visualization. In: Antona, M., Stephanidis, C. (eds.) UAHCI 2016. LNCS, vol. 9737, pp. 49–58. Springer, Cham (2016)
Sandnes, F.E.: Designing GUIs for low vision by simulating reduced visual acuity: reduced resolution versus shrinking. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 217, 274–281 (2015)
Sandnes, F.E.: What do low-vision users really want from smart glasses? faces, text and perhaps no glasses at all. In: Miesenberger, K., Bühler, C., Penaz, P. (eds.) ICCHP 2016. LNCS, vol. 9758, pp. 187–194. Springer, Cham (2016)
Sandnes F.E., Eika, E.: Head-mounted augmented reality displays on the cheap: a DIY approach to sketching and prototyping low-vision assistive technologies. In: Antona, M., Stephanidis, C. (eds.) UAHCI 2017, LNCS, vol. 10278, pp. 168–186, Springer, Cham (2017)
Gomez, J.V., Sandnes, F.E.: RoboGuideDog: guiding blind users through physical environments with laser range scanners. Procedia Comput. Sci. 14, 218–225 (2012)
Sandnes, F.E., Tan, T.B., Johansen, A., Sulic, E., Vesterhus, E., Iversen, E.R.: Making touch-based kiosks accessible to blind users through simple gestures. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 11, 421–431 (2012)
Lin, M.W., Cheng, Y.M., Yu, W., Sandnes, F.E.: Investigation into the feasibility of using tactons to provide navigation cues in pedestrian situations. In: Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat, pp. 299–302. ACM (2008)
Sandnes, F.E., Lundh, M.V.: Calendars for individuals with cognitive disabilities: a comparison of table view and list view. In: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility, pp. 329–330. ACM (2015)
Berget, G., Mulvey, F., Sandnes, F.E.: Is visual content in textual search interfaces beneficial to dyslexic users? Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 92–93, 17–29 (2016)
Berget, G., Sandnes, F.E.: Do autocomplete functions reduce the impact of dyslexia on information searching behaviour? A case of Google. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 67, 2320–2328 (2016)
Berget, G., Sandnes, F.E.: Searching databases without query-building aids: implications for dyslexic users. Inf. Res. 20 (2015)
Bertolaccini, G., Sandnes, F., Paschoarelli, L., Medola, F.: A descriptive study on the influence of wheelchair design and movement trajectory on the upper limbs’ joint angles. In: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 645–651. Springer, Cham (2017)
Medola, F.O., Busto, R.M., Marçal, Â.F., Achour Junior, A., Dourado, A.C.: The sport on quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury: a case series. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 17, 254–256 (2011)
Medola, F.O., Elui, V.M.C., da Silva Santana, C., Fortulan, C.A.: Aspects of manual wheelchair configuration affecting mobility: a review. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 26, 313–318 (2014)
Lanutti, J.N., Medola, F.O., Gonçalves, D.D., da Silva, L.M., Nicholl, A.R., Paschoarelli, L.C.: The significance of manual wheelchairs: a comparative study on male and female users. Procedia Manuf. 3, 6079–6085 (2015)
Medola, F.O., Purquerio, B.M., Elui, V.M., Fortulan, C.A.: Conceptual project of a servo-controlled power-assisted wheelchair. In: IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, pp. 450–454. IEEE (2014)
Lahr, G.J.G., Medola, F.O., Sandnes, F.E., Elui, V.M.C., Fortulan, C.A.: Servomotor assistance in the improvement of manual wheelchair mobility. Stud. Health Technol. Inf. 242, 786–792 (2017)
da Silva Bertolaccini, G., Nakajima, R.K., de Carvalho Filho, I.F.P., Paschoarelli, L.C., Medola, F.O.: The influence of seat height, trunk inclination and hip posture on the activity of the superior trapezius and longissimus. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 28, 1602–1606 (2016)
Medola, F.O., Silva, D.C., Fortulan, C.A., Elui, V.M.C., Paschoarelli, L.C.: The influence of handrim design on the contact forces on hands’ surface: a preliminary study. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 44, 851–856 (2014)
Medola, F.O., Fortulan, C.A., Purquerio, B.D.M., Elui, V.M.C.: A new design for an old concept of wheelchair pushrim. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 7, 234–241 (2012)
Medola, F.O., Paschoarelli, L.C., Silv, D.C., Elui, V.M.C., Fortulan, A.: Pressure on hands during manual wheelchair propulsion: a comparative study with two types of handrim. In: European Seating Symposium, pp. 63–65 (2011)
Medola, F.O., Dao, P.V., Caspall, J.J., Sprigle, S.: Partitioning kinetic energy during freewheeling wheelchair maneuvers. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 22, 326–333 (2014)
Sandnes, F.E.: Can spatial mnemonics accelerate the learning of text input chords? In: Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, pp. 245–249. ACM (2006)
Sandnes, F.E., Huang, Y.P.: Chording with spatial mnemonics: automatic error correction for eyes-free text entry. J. Inf. Sci. Eng. 22, 1015–1031 (2006)
Sandnes, F.E., Huang, Y.P.: Chord level error correction for portable Braille devices. Electron. Lett. 42, 82–83 (2006)
Sandnes, F.E., Medola, F.O.: Exploring russian tap-code text entry adaptions for users with reduced target hitting accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion, pp. 33–38. ACM (2016)
Levine, S., Gauger, J., Bowers, L., Khan, K.: A comparison of Mouthstick and Morse code text inputs. Augment. Altern. Commun. 2, 51–55 (1986)
Sandnes, F.E., Thorkildssen, H.W., Arvei, A., Buverad, J.O.: Techniques for fast and easy mobile text-entry with three-keys. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (2004)
Mackenzie, I.S., Felzer, T.: SAK: Scanning ambiguous keyboard for efficient one-key text entry. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) 17(3), 11 (2010)
Sandnes, F.E.: Reflective text entry: a simple low effort predictive input method based on flexible abbreviations. Procedia Comput. Sci. 67, 105–112 (2015)
Sandnes, F.E.: Effects of common keyboard layouts on physical effort: Implications for kiosks and Internet banking. In: Sandnes, F.E., Lunde, M. Tollefsen, M., Hauge, A.M., Øverby, E., Brynn, R. (eds.) The proceedings of Unitech2010: International Conference on Universal Technologies, pp. 91–100. Tapir Academic Publishers, Norway (2010)
Chiapparino, C., Stasolla, F., de Pace, C., Lancioni, G.E.: A touch pad and a scanning keyboard emulator to facilitate writing by a woman with extensive motor disability. Life Span Disabil. 14, 45–54 (2011)
Felzer, T., Rinderknecht, S.: 3DScan: an environment control system supporting persons with severe motor impairments. In: Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pp. 213–214. ACM (2009)
Zhang, X., Fang, K., Francis, G.: How to optimize switch virtual keyboards to trade off speed and accuracy. Cognit. Res. Princ. Implic. 1, 6 (2016)
Jones, P.E.: Virtual keyboard with scanning and augmented by prediction. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, pp. 45–51 (1998)
Sandnes, F.E., Medola, F.O.: Effects of Optimizing the scan-path on scanning key-boards with QWERTY-Layout for English text. Stud. Health Technol. Inf. 242, 930–938 (2017)
Higger, M., Moghadamfalahi, M., Quivira, F., Erdogmus, D.: Fast switch scanning keyboards: minimal expected query decision trees (2016). arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.02552
Hamidi, F., Baljko, M.: Reverse-engineering scanning keyboards. In: International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pp. 315–322. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Baljko, M., Tam, A.: Indirect text entry using one or two keys. In Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pp. 18–25. ACM (2006)
Simpson, R.C., Mankowski, R., Koester, H.H.: Modeling one-switch row-column scanning with errors and error correction methods. Open Rehabil. J. 4, 1–12 (2011)
Bhattacharya, S., Samanta, D., Basu, A.: Performance models for automatic evaluation of virtual scanning keyboards. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 16, 510–519 (2008)
MacKenzie, I.S.: Modeling text input for single-switch scanning. In: International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons, pp. 423–430. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Sandnes, F.E., Aubert, A.: Bimanual text entry using game controllers: relying on users’ spatial familiarity with QWERTY. Interact. Comput. 19, 140–150 (2007)
Sandnes, F.E.: Directional bias in scrolling tasks: a study of users’ scrolling behaviour using a mobile text-entry strategy. Behav. Inf. Technol. 27, 387–393 (2008)
Sandnes, F.E.: Evaluating mobile text entry strategies with finite state automata. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on MobileHCI 2005, pp. 115–121. ACM (2005)
Sandnes, F.E., Sinnen, O.: A new strategy for multiprocessor scheduling of cyclic task graphs. Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Netw. 3, 62–71 (2005)
Sandnes, F. E.: Scheduling Partially Ordered Events in a Randomised Framework: Empirical Results and Implications for Automatic Configuration Management. In: Proceedings of LISA, pp. 47–62. USENIX (2001)
Rebreyend, P., Sandnes, F.E., Megson, G.M.: Static multiprocessor task graph scheduling in the genetic paradigm: a comparison of genotype representations. Laboratoire de l’Informatique du Parallelisme, Research report no. 98–25. Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sandnes, F.E., Eika, E., Medola, F.O. (2019). Reducing Scanning Keyboard Input Errors with Extended Start Dwell-Time. In: Ahram, T., Falcão, C. (eds) Advances in Usability, User Experience and Assistive Technology. AHFE 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 794. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94947-5_79
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94947-5_79
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94946-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94947-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)