Advertisement

Parenting of Adult Children: A Neglected Area of Parenting Studies

Chapter
First Online:
  • 2.7k Downloads

Abstract

The parent and adult child relationship is a particularly strong and unique form of social interaction. Over the course of the lifespan the relationship transitions through a number of stages; from the dependent nature of parent–infant and parent–child relating, evolving into greater child independence of the parent–teenager and parent–adult child relationships. As such, the involvement and dynamics of parenting shift quite remarkably. The quality of the relationship between parent and adult children can significantly influence the child throughout adulthood, and determines the parent’s own well-being in their late-life. Despite the many positives from the relationship, there are also difficulties with managing the ongoing dependence–independence parenting dynamics and thus tension and conflict can occur. There are several forms of support to help parents with difficulties that can emerge with the relationship with adult children, with some evidence-based parenting interventions showing benefits. A number of recommendations are provided to advance research and practice for the parent and adult child relationship including intervention modules that directly target the interactions between parent and adult child, collecting long-term data, and the inclusion of compassion-focused modules to help continued social interactions, reduce conflict and improve relationship connectedness.

Keywords

Adolescence Parenting Autonomy Brain development Support Relationship Social interaction 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Disclosure

The Parenting and Family Support Centre is partly funded by royalties stemming from published resources of the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program, which is developed and owned by the University of Queensland (UQ). Royalties are also distributed to the Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences at UQ and contributory authors of published Triple P resources. Triple P International (TPI) Pty Ltd. is a private company licensed by UniQuest Pty Ltd. on behalf of UQ, to publish and disseminate Triple P worldwide. The authors of this chapter have no share or ownership of TPI. Dr. Kirby is a coauthor of Grandparent Triple P and may in future receive royalties and/or consultancy fees from TPI related to this. TPI had no involvement in the writing of this chapter. Dr. Kirby is an employee at UQ. Ms. Hoang is a graduate student at UQ.

References

  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2013). Child care. Canberra, NSW: Australian Bureau of Statistics.Google Scholar
  2. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2008). Year book Australia. Australia Bureau of Statistics: Canberra, NSW.Google Scholar
  3. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2012). Childhood education and care, Australia June 2011. Canberra, NSW: Australian Bureau of Statistics.Google Scholar
  4. Absher, A. G. (2006). Divorced grandparents’ perceptions of the nature of their relationship with grandchildren. Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, USA.Google Scholar
  5. Aldous, J. (1985). Parent-adult child relations as affected by the grandparent status. In V. L. Bengtson & J. F. Robertson (Eds.), Grandparenthood (pp. 117–134). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
  6. Aldous, J. (1995). New views of grandparents in intergenerational context. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 104–122.  https://doi.org/10.1177/019251395016001006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Alvarez, H. P. (2000). Grandmother hypothesis and primate life histories. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113(3), 435–450.  https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200011)113:3<435::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-OCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Aquilino, W. S. (1997). From adolescent to young adult: A prospective study of parent-child relations during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(3), 670–686.  https://doi.org/10.2307/353953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Aquilino, W. S., & Supple, K. R. (1991). Parent-child relations and parent's satisfaction with living arrangements when adult children live at home. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(1), 13–27.  https://doi.org/10.2307/353130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Arieti, S. (1955). Interpretation of schizophrenia (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  11. Baladerian, N. J. (1991). Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 9(4), 323–335.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Baranowski, M. D., & Schilmoeller, G. L. (1999). Grandparents in the lives of grandchildren with disabilities: Mothers’ perceptions. Education & Treatment of Children, 22(4), 427–446.Google Scholar
  13. Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. Worcester, MA: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  14. Barnett, M. A. (2008). Mother and grandmother parenting in low-income three-generation rural households. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(5), 1241–1257.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00563.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Bengtson, V. L. (1985). Diversity and symbolism in grandparental roles. In V. L. Bengtson & J. F. Robertson (Eds.), Grandparenthood (pp. 11–25). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
  16. Bengtson, V. L., & Kuypers, J. A. (1971). Generational difference and the developmental stake. Aging and Human development, 2(4), 249–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Bengtson, V. L., & Roberts, R. E. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4), 856–870.  https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.2.4.bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Bhopal, K. (1998). South Asian women in East London: Motherhood and social support. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21(5), 485–492.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(98)00067-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Birditt, K. S., Miller, L. M., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Tensions in the parent and adult child relationship: Links to solidarity and ambivalence. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 287.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015196CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  20. Black, M. M., & Nitz, K. (1996). Grandmother co-residence, parenting, and child development among low income, urban teen mothers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18(3), 218–226.  https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(95)00168-RCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Borrego, J., & Pemberton, J. R. (2007). Increasing acceptance of behavioural child management techniques: What do parents say? Child & Family Behaviour Therapy, 29, 27–43.  https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v29n02_03CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Breheny, M., Stephens, C., & Spilsbury, L. (2013). Involvement without interference: How grandparents negotiate intergenerational expectations in relationships with grandchildren. Journal of Family Studies, 19(2), 174–184.  https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2013.19.2.174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 18(5), 175–186.  https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Caldwell, C. H., Antonucci, T. C., & Jackson, J. S. (1998). Supportive/conflictual family relations and depressive symptomatology: Teenage mother and grandmother perspectives. The Family as a Context for Health and Well-Being, 47(4), 395–402.  https://doi.org/10.2307/585270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Zamsky, E. S. (1994). Young African-American multigenerational families in poverty: Quality of mothering and grandmothering. Child Development, 65(2), 373–393.  https://doi.org/10.2307/1131390CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Chen, H.-M., & Lewis, D. C. (2015). Chinese grandparents’ involvement in their adult children’s parenting practices in the United States. Contemporary Family Therapy, 37(1), 58–71.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-014-9321-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Cherlin, A., & Furstenberg, F. F. (1986). Grandparents and family crisis. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 10(4), 26–28.Google Scholar
  28. Clarke, E. J., Preston, M., Raksin, J., & Bengtson, V. L. (1999). Types of conflicts and tensions between older parents and adult children. The Gerontologist, 39(3), 261–270.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/39.3.261CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Coall, D. A., & Hertwig, R. (2010). Grandparental investment: Past, present, and future. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(01), 1–19.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991105CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Cobb-Clark, D. A. (2008). Leaving home: What economics has to say about the living arrangements of young Australians. Australian Economic Review, 41(2), 160–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Conn, B. M., Marks, A. K., & Coyne, L. (2013). A three-generation study of Chinese immigrant extended family child caregiving experiences in the preschool years. Research in Human Development, 10(4), 308–331.  https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2013.846047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Contreras, J. M., López, I. R., Rivera-Mosquera, E. T., Raymond-Smith, L., & Rothstein, K. (1999). Social support and adjustment among Puerto Rican adolescent mothers: The moderating effect of acculturation. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(2), 228–243.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.13.2.228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Copen, C., & Silverstein, M. (2007). The transmission of religious beliefs across generations: Do grandparents matter? Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38(4), 497–510.Google Scholar
  35. Cotton, S. M., Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 790–796.  https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01885.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Crocker, A. G., Mercier, C., Allaire, J. F., & Roy, M. E. (2007). Profiles and correlates of aggressive behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(10), 786–801.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.00953.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Crocker, A. G., Mercier, C., Lachapelle, Y., Brunet, A., Morin, D., & Roy, M. E. (2006). Prevalence and types of aggressive behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(9), 652–661.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00815.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Cuskelly, M. (2006). Parents of adults with an intellectual disability. Family Matters, 74, 20.Google Scholar
  39. Cuskelly, M., & Bryde, R. (2004). Attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with an intellectual disability: Parents, support staff, and a community sample. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 29(3), 255–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Dallas, C. M. (2007). “Grandmothers’ transitions in caregiving to grandchildren”: Commentary by Dallas. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 29(5), 637–639.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945907301902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Di Gessa, G., Glaser, K., Price, D., Ribe, E., & Tinker, A. (2016). What drives national differences in intensive grandparental childcare in Europe? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71B(1), 141–153.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Dubas, J. S., & Petersen, A. C. (1996). Geographical distance from parents and adjustment during adolescence and young adulthood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1996(71), 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Duckro, P. N., Chibnall, J. T., & Tomazic, T. J. (1995). Anger, depression, and disability: A path analysis of relationships in a sample of chronic posttraumatic headache patients. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 35(1), 7–9.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3501007.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Dunkle, R. E., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Chadiha, L. A. (2015). Support for and from aging mothers whose adult daughters are seriously mentally ill. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 58(6), 590–612.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2015.1054056CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Eckert, T. L., & Hintze, J. M. (2000). Behavioural conceptions and applications of acceptability: Issues related to service delivery and research methodology. School Psychology Quarterly, 15, 123–148.  https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Eggebeen, D. J. (1992). Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging, 14(4), 427–447.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027592144001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society (Rev. ed.). London: Vintage.Google Scholar
  48. Filus, A., & Roszak, J. (2014). Relationships between parental power, prestige, and acceptance, and the psychological adjustment of young adults in Poland. Cross-Cultural Research, 48(3), 286–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Findler, L. (2014). The experience of stress and personal growth among grandparents of children with and without intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(1), 32–48.  https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-52.1.32CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Findler, L. S. (2000). The role of grandparents in the social support system of mothers of children with a physical disability. Families in Society, 81(4), 370–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Fingerman, K., Miller, L., Birditt, K., & Zarit, S. (2009). Giving to the good and the needy: Parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1220–1233.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00665.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Mothers and their adult daughters: Mixed emotions, enduring bonds. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), 413–414.Google Scholar
  53. Fingerman, K. L. (2004). The role of offspring and in-laws in grandparents’ ties to their grandchildren. Journal of Family Issues, 25(8), 1026–1049.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X04265941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y.-P., Tighe, L., Birditt, K. S., & Zarit, S. (2012). Relationships between young adults and their parents. In A. Booth, S. L. Brown, N. S. Landale, W. D. Manning, & S. M. McHale (Eds.), Early adulthood in a family context. National symposium on family issues (Vol. 2, pp. 59–85). New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Fischer, L. R. (1983a). Married men and their mothers. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 14(3), 393–402.Google Scholar
  56. Fischer, L. R. (1983b). Transition to grandmotherhood. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 16(1), 67–78.  https://doi.org/10.2190/GU3R-506F-2UMW-6L8RCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Fisher, B. J. (1995). Successful aging, life satisfaction, and generativity in later life. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 41(3), 239–250.  https://doi.org/10.2190/HA9X-H48D-9GYB-85XWCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Fuller-Thomson, E., & Minkler, M. (2007). Mexican American grandparents raising grandchildren: Findings from the census 2000 American community survey. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 88(4), 567–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Gaden, C. L. (1996). The meaning and value of grandparenting in later life. Doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University, The Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, US.Google Scholar
  60. Gee, C. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2003). Adolescent mothers' relationship with their children’s biological fathers: Social support, social strain and relationship continuity. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(3), 370–383.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.370CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Gibson, P. A. (2005). Intergenerational parenting from the perspective of African American grandmothers. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 54(2), 280–297.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0197-6664.2005.00022.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Gilbert, P., Bhundia, R., Mitra, R., McEwan, K., Irons, C., & Sanghera, J. (2007). Cultural differences in shame-focused attitudes towards mental health problems in Asian and non-Asian student women. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(2), 127–141.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500415124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Givertz, M., & Segrin, C. (2014). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research, 41(8), 1111–1136.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212456392CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Glaun, D. E., & Brown, P. F. (1999). Motherhood, intellectual disability and child protection: Characteristics of a court sample. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 24(1), 95–105.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13668259900033901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Goh, E. C., & Kuczynski, L. (2010). ‘Only children’ and their coalition of parents: Considering grandparents and parents as joint caregivers in urban Xiamen, China. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13(4), 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Goh, E. C. L. (2006). Raising the precious single child in urban China: An intergenerational joint mission between parents and grandparents. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 4(3), 7–28.  https://doi.org/10.1300/J194v04n03_02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Goodfellow, J., & Laverty, J. (2003). Grandparents supporting working families. Family Matters, 66, 14.Google Scholar
  69. Goodman, D. M. (1978). Parenting an adult mentally retarded offspring. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 48(3), 209–234.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317809516514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Grant, G., Ramcharan, P., McGrath, M., Nolan, M., & Keady, J. (1998). Rewards and gratifications among family caregivers: Towards a refined model of caring and coping. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42(1), 58–71.  https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00079.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenley, J. R. (1993). Aging parents of adults with disabilities: The gratifications and frustrations of later-life caregiving. The Gerontologist, 33(4), 542–550.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Hagestad, G. O. (1985). Continuity and connectedness. In V. L. Bengtson & J. F. Robertson (Eds.), Grandparenthood (pp. 31–48). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
  73. Hagestad, G. O., & Burton, L. A. (1986). Grandparenthood, life context, and family development. American Behavioral Scientist, 29(4), 471–484.  https://doi.org/10.1177/000276486029004008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Hareven, T. K. (1995). Changing images of aging and the social construction of the life course. In A. W. Mike Featherstone (Ed.), Images of aging: Cultural representations of later life (pp. 119–134). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  75. Hastings, R. P. (1997). Grandparents of children with disabilities: A review. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 44(4), 329–340.  https://doi.org/10.1080/0156655970440404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Hawkes, K., & Coxworth, J.E. (2013). Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity: A review of findings and future directions, 22, 294–302.  https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Hawkes, K. (2014). Primate sociality to human cooperation: Why us and not them? Human Nature, 25(1), 28–48.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-013-9184-xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Hayslip, J. B. (2009). Ethnic and cross-cultural perspectives on custodial grandparenting. In S. Jay (Ed.), The cultural context of aging: Worldwide perspectives (3rd ed., pp. 346–356). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
  79. Hayslip, J. B., & Kaminski, P. L. (2005a). Grandparents raising their grandchildren. In K. C. Richard, W. P. Gary, & S. Steinmetz (Eds.), Challenges of aging on U.S. families: Policy and practice implications (pp. 147–169). New York, NY: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
  80. Hayslip, J. B., & Kaminski, P. L. (2005b). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: A review of the literature and suggestions for practice. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 262–269.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.262CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Hayslip, J. B., Shore, R. J., & Emick, M. A. (2006). Age, health, and custodial grandparenting. In B. J. Hayslip & J. H. Patrick (Eds.), Custodial grandparenting: Individual, cultural, and ethnic diversity (pp. 75–87). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
  82. Heller, P. L. (1970). Familism scale: A measure of family solidarity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32(1), 73–80.  https://doi.org/10.2307/349974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Heller, T., Hsieh, K., & Rowitz, L. (2000). Grandparents as supports to mothers of persons with intellectual disability. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 33(4), 23–34.  https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v33n04_03CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Hurme, H. (1997). Cross-cultural differences in adolescents’ perceptions of their grandparents. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 44(3), 221–253.  https://doi.org/10.2190/9YBT-NUEW-AQ5B-AL9PCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Jendrek, M. P. (1994). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Circumstances and decisions. The Gerontologist, 34(2), 206–216.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Kim, E. J. (2016). Caregiver stress and related factors in Korean households utilizing childcare support by grandmothers. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 10(1), 113.  https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12082CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Kirby, J. N. (2015). The potential benefits of parenting programs for grandparents: Recommendations and clinical implications. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3200–3212.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0123-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Kirby, J. N. (2016). The role of mindfulness and compassion in enhancing nurturing family environments. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23(2), 142–157.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Kirby, J. N. (2016b). Compassion interventions: The programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice., 90, 432.  https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Kirby, J. N., & Sanders, M. R. (2012). Using consumer input to tailor evidence-based parenting interventions to the needs of grandparents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(4), 626–636.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9514-8CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48, 778.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Kirby, J. N., & Laczko, D. (2017). A randomized microtrial of a loving-kindness meditation for young adults living at home with their parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0692-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Kohli, M. (1999). Private and public transfers between generations: Linking the family and the state. European Societies, 1(1), 81–104.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.1999.10749926CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Kraemer, B. R., & Blacher, J. (2001). Transition for young adults with severe mental retardation: School preparation, parent expectations, and family involvement. Mental Retardation, 39(6), 423–435.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Krauss, M., & Seltzer, M. (1998). Life course perspectives in mental retardation research: The case of family caregiving. In J. A. Burack, R. M. Hodapp, G. Iarocci, & E. Zigler (Eds.), Handbook of mental retardation and development (pp. 504–520). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  97. Kretchmar, M. D. (1996). Mother-child observations across three generations: Boundary patterns, attachment and the transmission of caregiving. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, US.Google Scholar
  98. Kurrien, R., & Vo, E. D. (2004). Who's in charge? Coparenting in south and southeast Asian families. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 207–219.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADE.00000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Lamb, H. R., & Goertzel, V. (1971). Discharged mental patients—Are they really in the community? Archives of General Psychiatry, 24(1), 29–34.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070031004CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Laughlin, L. (2013). Who’s minding the kids? Child care arrangements: Spring 2011. Current population reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.Google Scholar
  101. Lawton, L., Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. (1994). Affection, social contact, and geographic distance between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(1), 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Lefley, H. P. (1987). Aging parents as caregivers of mentally ill adult children: An emerging social problem. Psychiatric Services, 38(10), 1063–1070.  https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.38.10.1063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on Well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Leung, C., & Fung, B. (2014). Non-custodial grandparent caregiving in Chinese families: Implications for family dynamics. Journal of Children’s Services, 9(4), 307–318.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-04-2014-0026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Leung, C., Sanders, M. R., Fung, B., & Kirby, J. N. (2014). The effectiveness of the grandparent triple P program with Hong Kong Chinese families: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Family Studies, 20, 104–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Llewellyn, G., Gething, L., Kenndig, H., & Cant, R. (2004). Older parent caregivers’ engagement with the service system. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 379–396.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Mailick Seltzer, M., Greenberg, J. S., Floyd, F. J., Pettee, Y., & Hong, J. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(3), 265–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Mancini, J. A., & Blieszner, R. (1989). Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(2), 275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. Manor-Binyamini, I. (2014). Positive aspects of the coping of mothers of adolescent children with developmental disability in the Bedouin community in Israel. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(6), 1272–1280.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.018CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. Mason, J., May, V., & Clarke, L. (2007). Ambivalence and the paradoxes of grandparenting. The Sociological Review, 55(4), 687–706.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00748.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. Mazzucchelli, T. G., & Sanders, M. R. (2010). Facilitating practitioner flexibility within an empirically supported intervention: Lessons from a system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(3), 238–252.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01215.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. McAdams, D. P., & de St Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1003.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. McHale, J. P., & Lindahl, K. M. (2011). Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Mehta, K. K., & Thang, L. L. (2011). Experiencing grandparenthood: An Asian perspective. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
  115. Mengel, M. H., Marcus, D. B., & Dunkle, R. E. (1996). “What will happen to my child when I'm gone?” a support and education group for aging parents as caregivers. The Gerontologist, 36(6), 816–820.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/36.6.816CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. Milnes, A., Pegrum, K., Nebe, B., Topfer, A., Gaal, L., Zhang, J., & Hunter, N. (2011). Young Australians: Their health and wellbeing 2011. Melbourne, SA: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
  117. Minkler, M., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2005). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national study using the census 2000 American community survey. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(2), S82–S92.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.2.S82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. Minkoff, K. (1978). A map of chronic mental patients. The chronic mental patient (pp. 11–38). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
  119. Minnes, P., & Woodford, L. (2005). Well-being in aging parents caring for an adult with a developmental disability. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 11(1), 47–66.Google Scholar
  120. Musil, C., Warner, C., Zauszniewski, J., Wykle, M., & Standing, T. (2009). Grandmother caregiving, family stress and strain, and depressive symptoms. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(3), 389–408.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945908328262CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  121. Musil, C. M., & Ahmad, M. (2002). Health of grandmothers a comparison by caregiver status. Journal of Aging and Health, 14(1), 96–121.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. Neely-Barnes, S. L., & Dia, D. A. (2008). Families of children with disabilities: A review of literature and recommendations for interventions. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 5(3), 93–107.  https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160–176.  https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Neighbors, B. D., Forehand, R., & Bau, J.-J. (1997). Interparental conflict and relations with parents as predictors of young adult functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 9(1), 169–187.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Nielsen, M., Haun, D., Kärtner, J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 31–38.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.017CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. Noh, S., & Turner, R. J. (1987). Living with psychiatric patients: Implications for the mental health of family members. Social Science & Medicine, 25(3), 263–272.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(87)90229-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Ochiltree, G. (2006). The changing role of grandparents. Australian Family Relationships Clearing House, 2, 1–9.Google Scholar
  128. Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3–28.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.xCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. Pruchno, R. (1999). Raising grandchildren: The experiences of black and white grandmothers. The Gerontologist, 39(2), 209–221.  https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/39.2.209CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Rappa, A., & Tan, S.-h. (2003). Political implications of Confucian familism. Asian Philosophy, 13(2–3), 87–102.  https://doi.org/10.1080/0955236032000162709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Rimmerman, A., & Muraver, M. (2001). Undesired life events, life satisfaction and well-being of ageing mothers of adult offspring with intellectual disability living at home or out-of-home. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26(3), 195–204.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250020054468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Robinson, L. H. (1989). Grandparenting: Intergenerational love and hate. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 17(3), 483–491.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
  134. Rosenthal, D. A., Moore, S., & Moore, S. M. (2012). New age nanas: Being a grandmother in the 21st century. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 32(1), 67.Google Scholar
  135. Rossi, P. P. H. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
  136. Sanders, M. R. (2008). Triple P-positive parenting program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(4), 506.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.506CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Sanders, M. R., & Kirby, J. N. (2012). Consumer engagement and the development, evaluation, and dissemination of evidence-based parenting programs. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 236–250.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.005CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). The triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Seligman, M. (1991). Grandparents of disabled grandchildren: Hopes, fears, and adaptation. Families in Society, 72(3), 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. Selin, H. (2014). Parenting across cultures: Childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures (Vol. 7). Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
  141. Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F., Song, J., Greenberg, J., & Hong, J. (2011). Midlife and aging parents of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Impacts of lifelong parenting. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(6), 479–499.  https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.479CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  142. Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Krauss, M. W. (1995). A comparison of coping strategies of aging mothers of adults with mental illness or mental retardation. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 64.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.64CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Shelton, N., & Grundy, E. (2000). Proximity of adult children to their parents in great Britain. Population, Space and Place, 6(3), 181–195.  https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1220(200005/06)6:3<181::AID-IJPG181>3.0.CO2-UCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Sillars, A., Koerner, A., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2005). Communication and understanding in parent–adolescent relationships. Human Communication Research, 31(1), 102–128.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2005.tb00866.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Silverstein, M., Giarrusso, R., & Bengtson, V. L. (1998). Intergenerational solidarity and the grandparent role. In M. Szinovácz (Ed.), Handbook on grandparenthood (pp. 144–158). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
  146. Solomon, P. L., Cavanaugh, M. M., & Gelles, R. J. (2005). Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: A neglected area of research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(1), 40–54.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838004272464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Stack, D. M., Serbin, L. A., Enns, L. N., Ruttle, P. L., & Barrieau, L. (2010). Parental effects on children’s emotional development over time and across generations. Infants & Young Children, 23(1), 52–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. Stevenson, M. L., Henderson, T. L., & Baugh, E. (2007). Vital defenses: Social support appraisals of black grandmothers parenting grandchildren. Journal of Family Issues, 28(2), 182–211.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06293852CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Thang, L. L., Mehta, K., Usui, T., & Tsuruwaka, M. (2011). Being a good grandparent: Roles and expectations in intergenerational relationships in Japan and Singapore. Marriage & Family Review, 47(8), 548–570.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2011.619303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Thomas, J. L. (1990). The grandparent role: A double bind. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 31(3), 169–177.  https://doi.org/10.2190/80J9-FGK7-2966-QHCBCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Thomas, J. L., Sperry, L., & Yarbrough, M. S. (2000). Grandparents as parents: Research findings and policy recommendations. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31(1), 3–22.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001969920389CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Troll, L. E. (1985). The contingencies of grandparenting. In V. L. Bengtson & J. F. Robertson (Eds.), Grandparenthood (pp. 135–149). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
  153. Trotman, F. K., & Brody, C. M. (2002). Cross-cultural perspectives: Grandmothers. In F. K. Trotman & T. C. M. Brody (Eds.), Psychotherapy and counseling with older women: Cross-cultural, family, and end-of-life issues (pp. 41–57). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.Google Scholar
  154. Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 664–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., & Huck, S. M. (1993). Family relationship history, contemporary parent–grandparent relationship quality, and the grandparent–grandchild relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 1025–1035.  https://doi.org/10.2307/352782CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. White, N. R. (2002). “Not under my roof!” young people’s experience of home. Youth & Society, 34(2), 214–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Whyte, W. F., Greenwood, D. J., & Lazes, P. (1989). Participatory action research: Through practice to science in social research. American Behavioral Scientist, 32(5), 513–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Williams, N., & Torrez, D. J. (1998). Grandparenthood among Hispanics. In M. Szinovácz (Ed.), Handbook on grandparenthood (pp. 87–96). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
  159. Winch, R. F. (1971). The modern family (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Holt McDougal.Google Scholar
  160. Wong, N. Y., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and western societies. Psychology and Marketing, 15(5), 423–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Woods, R. D. (1996). Grandmother roles: A cross cultural view. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 23(4), 286–292.Google Scholar
  162. Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Harrison, B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Young, N., Woodhams, P., Shiers, D., … Kendall, T. (2015). Interventions to improve the experience of caring for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(4), 268–274.  https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147561CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. Yum, J. O. (1988). The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia. Communications Monographs, 55(4), 374–388.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758809376178CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of PsychologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options