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Mosquitoes, Plasmodium Parasites, and Cancer: Where from, Where to?

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Mosquito-borne Diseases

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 10))

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Abstract

Plasmodium spp. are among the principal parasites carried by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), and mosquitoes are probably man’s worst enemy. Over thousands of years and across the globe, mosquito-borne diseases have killed, or maimed, humans, other mammals, birds, and reptiles. Plasmodium parasites are not exclusive to mosquitoes. It has been reported that Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are susceptible to Plasmodium infection, with some of their abdomens containing human blood and infected with avian Plasmodium, illustrating how little we know about numerous vectors affecting humans. Furthermore, it has been also outlined that an avian parasite (Plasmodium lophurae) can be experimentally adapted to a human host. Mosquitoes also carry other parasites, for example, Dirofilaria and hookworms. This chapter, however, will remain focused on the interrelationship between Plasmodium spp. parasites and mosquitoes and looks to the future. Will we, as some are beginning to suggest, find that mosquitoes have an involvement in the development of some cancers, and will we find that mosquitoes play a greater role in Lyme disease than hitherto imagined? The chapter is broken into eight sections, the first being an overview of the history of Plasmodium and some key facts about mosquitoes, the second looks at the role of mosquito saliva in immunosuppression and the IARC group 1 carcinogens carried by mosquitoes, the third looks at other infectious agents linked to cancer, the fourth looks at current beliefs on cancer causation, the fifth considers how the immune system reacts to these carcinogens, the sixth why the possible role of mosquitoes in cancer development has not been uncovered so far, and the seventh casts a critical eye on developments in mosquito control. Finally, we provide outlooks for future research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Pain Clinic, Bolsover, UK

    Martin Ward

  2. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

  3. The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

  2. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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Ward, M., Benelli, G. (2018). Mosquitoes, Plasmodium Parasites, and Cancer: Where from, Where to?. In: Benelli, G., Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Mosquito-borne Diseases. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94075-5_14

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