Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Understanding Advanced Hematologic Testing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hematologic Challenges in the Critically Ill

  • 663 Accesses

Abstract

Critically ill patients undergo numerous laboratory tests to better understand their disease processes and track their illnesses. Many critically ill patients have a variety of conditions such as anemia, sepsis, multiorgan failure, coagulopathies, and/or infection. For the patient to receive the correct diagnosis and treatment, laboratory tests must be carefully ordered and interpreted. Laboratory testing pertaining to anemia, thrombocytopenia, sepsis, bleeding, and hypercoagulability will be discussed in this chapter. Testing interferences as well as caveats that are important to recognize in test result interpretation will be addressed. Moreover, recent advances in hematologic testing of critically ill patients for anemia and coagulopathies such as the reticulocyte hemoglobin, chromogenic factor Xa assay, chromogenic factor VIII assay, TEG platelet mapping, and anti-Xa assay will be discussed in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ezzie ME, Aberegg SK, O'Brien JM Jr. Laboratory testing in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 2007;23(3):435–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ganapathy A, Adhikari NK, Spiegelman J, Scales DC. Routine chest x-rays in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):R68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Hallworth MJ. Improving clinical outcomes - towards patient-centred laboratory medicine. Ann Clin Biochem. 2015;52(Pt 6):715–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ko A, Murry JS, Hoang DM, Harada MY, Aquino L, Coffey C, et al. High-value care in the surgical intensive care unit: effect on ancillary resources. J Surg Res. 2016;202(2):455–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Clarke K, Sagunarthy R, Kansal S. RDW as an additional marker in inflammatory bowel disease/undifferentiated colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(9):2521–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li N, Zhou H, Tang Q. Red blood cell distribution width: a novel predictive indicator for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Dis Markers. 2017;2017:7089493.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(Suppl 1):S4–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Buttarello M, Pajola R, Novello E, Mezzapelle G, Plebani M. Evaluation of the hypochromic erythrocyte and reticulocyte hemoglobin content provided by the Sysmex XE-5000 analyzer in diagnosis of iron deficiency erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54(12):1939–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brugnara C, Zurakowski D, DiCanzio J, Boyd T, Platt O. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA. 1999;281(23):2225–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cascio MJ, DeLoughery TG. Anemia: evaluation and diagnostic tests. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(2):263–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Buttarello M. Laboratory diagnosis of anemia: are the old and new red cell parameters useful in classification and treatment, how? Int J Lab Hematol. 2016;38 Suppl 1:123–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Noronha JF, Grotto HZ. Measurement of reticulocyte and red blood cell indices in patients with iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia minor. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(2):195–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. d'Onofrio G, Chirillo R, Zini G, Caenaro G, Tommasi M, Micciulli G. Simultaneous measurement of reticulocyte and red blood cell indices in healthy subjects and patients with microcytic and macrocytic anemia. Blood. 1995;85(3):818–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. IV. NKF-K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for Anemia of chronic kidney disease: update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(1 Suppl 1):S182–238.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fishbane S, Maesaka JK. Iron management in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29(3):319–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Brill JR, Baumgardner DJ. Normocytic anemia. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(10):2255–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Girelli D, Nemeth E, Swinkels DW. Hepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders. Blood. 2016;127(23):2809–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Kautz L, Nemeth E. Molecular liaisons between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Blood. 2014;124(4):479–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Langer AL, Ginzburg YZ. Role of hepcidin-ferroportin axis in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of anemia of chronic inflammation. Hemodial Int. 2017;21(Suppl 1):S37–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Sihler KC, Raghavendran K, Westerman M, Ye W, Napolitano LM. Hepcidin in trauma: linking injury, inflammation, and anemia. J Trauma. 2010;69(4):831–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Napolitano LM. Anemia and red blood cell transfusion: advances in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(2):345–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kautz L, Jung G, Valore EV, Rivella S, Nemeth E, Ganz T. Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism. Nat Genet. 2014;46(7):678–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kroot JJ, Laarakkers CM, Geurts-Moespot AJ, Grebenchtchikov N, Pickkers P, van Ede AE, et al. Immunochemical and mass-spectrometry-based serum hepcidin assays for iron metabolism disorders. Clin Chem. 2010;56(10):1570–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kroot JJ, van Herwaarden AE, Tjalsma H, Jansen RT, Hendriks JC, Swinkels DW. Second round robin for plasma hepcidin methods: first steps toward harmonization. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(10):977–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kroot JJ, Hendriks JC, Laarakkers CM, Klaver SM, Kemna EH, Tjalsma H, et al. (Pre)analytical imprecision, between-subject variability, and daily variations in serum and urine hepcidin: implications for clinical studies. Anal Biochem. 2009;389(2):124–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Troutt JS, Rudling M, Persson L, Stahle L, Angelin B, Butterfield AM, et al. Circulating human hepcidin-25 concentrations display a diurnal rhythm, increase with prolonged fasting, and are reduced by growth hormone administration. Clin Chem. 2012;58(8):1225–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Garratty G. Immune hemolytic anemia associated with negative routine serology. Semin Hematol. 2005;42(3):156–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Parker V, Tormey CA. The direct antiglobulin test: indications, interpretation, and pitfalls. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141(2):305–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Shih AW, McFarlane A, Verhovsek M. Haptoglobin testing in hemolysis: measurement and interpretation. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(4):443–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Delanghe J, Langlois M, De Buyzere M. Congenital anhaptoglobinemia versus acquired hypohaptoglobinemia. Blood. 1998;91(9):3524.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wickramasinghe SN. Diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemias. Blood Rev. 2006;20(6):299–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. DeLoughery TG. Microcytic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1324–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cines DB, Bussel JB, McMillan RB, Zehnder JL. Congenital and acquired thrombocytopenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2004:390–406. Review. Erratum in Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005:543 PMID: 15561694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bendapudi PK, Hurwitz S, Fry A, Marques MB, Waldo SW, Li A, et al. Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(4):e157–e64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, Rice L, Datko F, Hook K, et al. The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(12):2642–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cuker A, Gimotty PA, Crowther MA, Warkentin TE. Predictive value of the 4Ts scoring system for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120(20):4160–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Vanderbilt CM, McFarland C, Lind SE. Evaluation of a reflex testing algorithm for suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol. 2017;148(5):390–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Warkentin TE, Arnold DM, Nazi I, Kelton JG. The platelet serotonin-release assay. Am J Hematol. 2015;90(6):564–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hunt BJ. Bleeding and coagulopathies in critical care. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):847–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. MacLeod JB, Lynn M, McKenney MG, Cohn SM, Murtha M. Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. J Trauma. 2003;55(1):39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hall DP, Lone NI, Watson DM, Stanworth SJ, Walsh TS. Intensive care study of coagulopathy I. Factors associated with prophylactic plasma transfusion before vascular catheterization in non-bleeding critically ill adults with prolonged prothrombin time: a case-control study. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(6):919–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Desborough M, Stanworth S. Plasma transfusion for bedside, radiologically guided, and operating room invasive procedures. Transfusion. 2012;52(Suppl 1):20S–9S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brill JB, Badiee J, Zander AL, Wallace JD, Lewis PR, Sise MJ, et al. The rate of deep vein thrombosis doubles in trauma patients with hypercoagulable thromboelastography. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(3):413–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Da Luz LT, Nascimento B, Shankarakutty AK, Rizoli S, Adhikari NK. Effect of thromboelastography (TEG(R)) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM(R)) on diagnosis of coagulopathy, transfusion guidance and mortality in trauma: descriptive systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18(5):518.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Walsh M, Fritz S, Hake D, Son M, Greve S, Jbara M, et al. Targeted Thromboelastographic (TEG) blood component and pharmacologic hemostatic therapy in traumatic and acquired coagulopathy. Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17(8):954–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Muller MC, Meijers JC, Vroom MB, Juffermans NP. Utility of thromboelastography and/or thromboelastometry in adults with sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. De Pietri L, Ragusa F, Deleuterio A, Begliomini B, Serra V. Reduced transfusion during OLT by POC coagulation management and TEG functional fibrinogen: a retrospective observational study. Transplant Direct. 2016;2(1):e49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Meybohm P, Zacharowski K, Weber CF. Point-of-care coagulation management in intensive care medicine. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):218.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Levi M, Opal SM. Coagulation abnormalities in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2006;10(4):222.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Muntean W. Coagulation and anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs. 1999;23(11):979–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Kreutz RP, Dichiara J, Antonino MJ, Tantry US. The link between heightened thrombogenicity and inflammation: pre-procedure characterization of the patient at high risk for recurrent events after stenting. Platelets. 2009;20(2):97–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rafiq S, Johansson PI, Ostrowski SR, Stissing T, Steinbruchel DA. Hypercoagulability in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: prevalence, patient characteristics and postoperative outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41(3):550–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Luddington RJ. Thrombelastography/thromboelastometry. Clin Lab Haematol. 2005;27(2):81–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. CRASH-2 trial collaborators, Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):23–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Savage SA, Zarzaur BL, Pohlman TH, Brewer BL, Magnotti LJ, Croce MA, et al. Clot dynamics and mortality: the MA-R ratio. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(4):628–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. van Belle A, Buller HR, Huisman MV, Huisman PM, Kaasjager K, Kamphuisen PW, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295(2):172–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galie N, Pruszczyk P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the task force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2008;29(18):2276–315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Enjeti AK, Walsh M, Seldon M. Spontaneous major bleeding in acquired factor X deficiency secondary to AL-amyloidosis. Haemophilia. 2005;11(5):535–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Thompson CA, Kyle R, Gertz M, Heit J, Pruthi R, Pardanani A. Systemic AL amyloidosis with acquired factor X deficiency: a study of perioperative bleeding risk and treatment outcomes in 60 patients. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(3):171–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Antovic A, Norberg EM, Berndtsson M, Rasmuson A, Malmstrom RE, Skeppholm M, et al. Effects of direct oral anticoagulants on lupus anticoagulant assays in a real-life setting. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(9):1700–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Martinuzzo ME, Barrera LH, Da MA, Otaso JC, Gimenez MI, Oyhamburu J. Frequent false-positive results of lupus anticoagulant tests in plasmas of patients receiving the new oral anticoagulants and enoxaparin. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014;36(2):144–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Moll S, Ortel TL. Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(3):177–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sanfelippo MJ, Zinsmaster W, Scherr DL, Shaw GR. Use of chromogenic assay of factor X to accept or reject INR results in Warfarin treated patients. Clin Med Res. 2009;7(3):103–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Robert A, Le Querrec A, Delahousse B, Caron C, Houbouyan L, Boutiere B, et al. Control of oral anticoagulation in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome--influence of the lupus anticoagulant on International Normalized Ratio. Groupe Methodologie en Hemostase du Groupe d'Etudes sur l'Hemostases et la Thrombose. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80(1):99–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. McGlasson DL, Romick BG, Rubal BJ. Comparison of a chromogenic factor X assay with international normalized ratio for monitoring oral anticoagulation therapy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2008;19(6):513–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Austin JH, Stearns CR, Winkler AM, Paciullo CA. Use of the chromogenic factor X assay in patients transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(6):493–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Shander A, Walsh CE, Cromwell C. Acquired hemophilia: a rare but life-threatening potential cause of bleeding in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(8):1240–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Despotis GJ, Joist JH, Goodnough LT, Santoro SA, Spitznagel E. Whole blood heparin concentration measurements by automated protamine titration agree with plasma anti-Xa measurements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113(3):611–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Saw J, Kereiakes DJ, Mahaffey KW, Applegate RJ, Braden GA, Brent BN, et al. Evaluation of a novel point-of-care enoxaparin monitor with central laboratory anti-Xa levels. Thromb Res. 2003;112(5–6):301–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Depasse F, Gerotziafas GT, Busson J, Van Dreden P, Samama MM. Assessment of three chromogenic and one clotting assays for the measurement of synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux (Arixtra) anti-Xa activity. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(2):346–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cuker A, Siegal DM, Crowther MA, Garcia DA. Laboratory measurement of the anticoagulant activity of the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(11):1128–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Cuker A, Husseinzadeh H. Laboratory measurement of the anticoagulant activity of edoxaban: a systematic review. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2015;39(3):288–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Bardy G, Fischer F, Appert A, Baldin B, Steve M, Spreux A, et al. Is anti-factor Xa chromogenic assay for Rivaroxaban appropriate in clinical practice? Advantages and comparative drawbacks. Thromb Res. 2015;136(2):396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Werner EJ, Broxson EH, Tucker EL, Giroux DS, Shults J, Abshire TC. Prevalence of von Willebrand disease in children: a multiethnic study. J Pediatr. 1993;123(6):893–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Dini E. Epidemiological investigation of the prevalence of von Willebrand's disease. Blood. 1987;69(2):454–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bowman M, Hopman WM, Rapson D, Lillicrap D, James P. The prevalence of symptomatic von Willebrand disease in primary care practice. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(1):213–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bowman ML, James PD. Controversies in the diagnosis of Type 1 von Willebrand disease. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39(Suppl 1):61–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gill JC, Endres-Brooks J, Bauer PJ, Marks WJ Jr, Montgomery RR. The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. Blood. 1987;69(6):1691–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Gallinaro L, Cattini MG, Sztukowska M, Padrini R, Sartorello F, Pontara E, et al. A shorter von Willebrand factor survival in O blood group subjects explains how ABO determinants influence plasma von Willebrand factor. Blood. 2008;111(7):3540–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cumming A, Grundy P, Keeney S, Lester W, Enayat S, Guilliatt A, et al. An investigation of the von Willebrand factor genotype in UK patients diagnosed to have type 1 von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost. 2006;96(5):630–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Flood VH, Christopherson PA, Gill JC, Friedman KD, Haberichter SL, Bellissimo DB, et al. Clinical and laboratory variability in a cohort of patients diagnosed with type 1 VWD in the United States. Blood. 2016;127(20):2481–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Federici AB, Rand JH, Bucciarelli P, Budde U, van Genderen PJ, Mohri H, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome: data from an international registry. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84(2):345–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mital A. Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016;25(6):1337–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sucker C, Michiels JJ, Zotz RB. Causes, etiology and diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand disease: a prospective diagnostic workup to establish the most effective therapeutic strategies. Acta Haematol. 2009;121(2–3):177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Feldmann C, Zayat R, Goetzenich A, Aljalloud A, Woelke E, Maas J, et al. Perioperative onset of acquired von Willebrand syndrome: comparison between HVAD, HeartMate II and on-pump coronary bypass surgery. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171029.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Costello JP, Diab YA, Philippe-Auguste M, Jones MB, Shankar V, Friedman KD, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in a child following Berlin Heart EXCOR Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device implantation: case report and concise literature review. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2014;5(4):592–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Nascimbene A, Neelamegham S, Frazier OH, Moake JL, Dong JF. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome associated with left ventricular assist device. Blood. 2016;127(25):3133–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Reich HJ, Morgan J, Arabia F, Czer L, Moriguchi J, Ramzy D, et al. Comparative analysis of von Willebrand factor profiles after implantation of left ventricular assist device and total artificial heart. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(8):1620–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Michiels JJ, Budde U, van der Planken M, van Vliet HH, Schroyens W, Berneman Z. Acquired von Willebrand syndromes: clinical features, aetiology, pathophysiology, classification and management. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2001;14(2):401–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Manfredi E, van Zaane B, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Squizzato A. Hypothyroidism and acquired von Willebrand's syndrome: a systematic review. Haemophilia. 2008;14(3):423–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mohri H. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome: features and management. Am J Hematol. 2006;81(8):616–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Federici AB. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Hum Immunol. 2005;66(4):422–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Franchini M, Lippi G. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome: an update. Am J Hematol. 2007;82(5):368–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gando S, Nanzaki S, Sasaki S, Kemmotsu O. Significant correlations between tissue factor and thrombin markers in trauma and septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79(6):1111–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(10):699–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Maryamchik E, Rosenbaum MW, Van Cott EM. Rivaroxaban Causes Missed Diagnosis of Protein S Deficiency but Not of Activated Protein C Resistance (Factor V Leiden). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;142(1):70–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lindahl TL, Baghaei F, Blixter IF, Gustafsson KM, Stigendal L, Sten-Linder M, et al. Effects of the oral, direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran on five common coagulation assays. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105(2):371–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Malinin A, Pokov A, Swaim L, Kotob M, Serebruany V. Validation of a VerifyNow-P2Y12 cartridge for monitoring platelet inhibition with clopidogrel. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006;28(5):315–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Di Sciascio G, Patti G, Pasceri V, Colonna G, Mangiacapra F, Montinaro A, et al. Clopidogrel reloading in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention on chronic clopidogrel therapy: results of the ARMYDA-4 RELOAD (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(11):1337–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty AM, Kim A, Burner JD, Frenkel EP, Sarode R. Comparison of a rapid platelet function assay--Verify Now Aspirin--with whole blood impedance aggregometry for the detection of aspirin resistance. Thromb Res. 2007;120(4):485–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Harr JN, Moore EE, Ghasabyan A, Chin TL, Sauaia A, Banerjee A, et al. Functional fibrinogen assay indicates that fibrinogen is critical in correcting abnormal clot strength following trauma. Shock. 2013;39(1):45–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Levi M. Cancer and DIC. Haemostasis. 2001;31(Suppl 1):47–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Amy E. Schmidt MD PhD

  2. Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Marisa B. Marques MD

Authors
  1. Amy E. Schmidt MD PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marisa B. Marques MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marisa B. Marques MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Team Health Research Institute, Englewood, NJ, USA

    Aryeh Shander

  2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA

    Howard L. Corwin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schmidt, A.E., Marques, M.B. (2018). Understanding Advanced Hematologic Testing. In: Shander, A., Corwin, H. (eds) Hematologic Challenges in the Critically Ill. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93572-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93572-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93571-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93572-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation