Abstract
The heat is a formidable opponent for tennis players at all levels of competition. Extensive on-court sweat loss and thermal strain during tennis in the heat can recognizably impact performance and exacerbate related clinical risk. This is notably evident during extreme hot-weather tournaments, or when multiple singles matches are played in the heat on the same day and the scheduled rest and recovery periods between contests are inappropriately brief. Numerous practical offsetting measures, including appropriate hydration management, can be proactively implemented by players, coaches, and administrators to effectively reduce heat-related clinical risk and optimize on-court performance. However, heat safety guidelines from the tennis governing bodies need to be more tennis-specific and informed by more extensive data from real-world competition scenarios for all age groups and levels of play. Knowledgeably integrating relevant data across multiple domains and modeling using advanced technology and analytics will play a key role in this solution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ellenbecker TS, Stroia KA. Heat research guides current practices in professional tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i5–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093272.
Périard JD, Bergeron MF. Competitive match-play tennis under heat stress: a challenge for all players. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i1–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093496.
Smith MT, Reid M, Kovalchik S, Wood T, Duffield R. Heat stress incidence and matchplay characteristics in women's Grand Slam tennis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(7):666–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.006.
Smith MT, Reid M, Kovalchik S, Woods TO, Duffield R. Heat stress incident prevalence and tennis matchplay performance at the Australian Open. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(5):467–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.019.
Bergeron MF. Heat cramps during tennis: a case report. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6(1):62–8.
Bergeron MF. Heat cramps: fluid and electrolyte challenges during tennis in the heat. J Sci Med Sport. 2003;6(1):19–27.
Bergeron MF. Muscle cramps during exercise: is it fatigue or electrolyte deficit? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008;7(4):S50–S5.
Mitchell JB, Phillips MD, Mercer SP, Baylies HL, Pizza FX. Postexercise rehydration: effect of Na+ and volume on restoration of fluid spaces and cardiovascular function. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:1302–9.
Sanders B, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Sodium replacement and fluid shifts during prolonged exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84(5):419–25.
Sanders B, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Water and electrolyte shifts with partial fluid replacement during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80(4):318–23.
Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Volume repletion after exercise-induced volume depletion in humans: replacement of water and sodium losses. Am J Phys. 1998;274(5 Pt 2):F868–75.
Bergeron MF. Exertional heat cramps: recovery and return to play. J Sport Rehabil. 2007;16(3):190–6.
Bergeron MF, Waller JL, Marinik EL. Voluntary fluid intake and core temperature responses in adolescent tennis players: sports beverage versus water. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(5):406–10.
Bergeron MF, McLeod KS, Coyle JF. Core body temperature during competition in the heat: National Boys’ 14’s Junior Tennis Championships. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:779–83.
Falk B, Bar-Or O, Calvert R, MacDougall JD. Sweat gland response to exercise in the heat among pre-, mid-, and late-pubertal boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(3):313–9.
Bergeron MF, Maresh CM, Armstrong LE, Signorile JF, Castellani JW, Kenefick RW, et al. Fluid-electrolyte balance associated with tennis match play in a hot environment. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995;5:180–93.
Hornery DJ, Farrow D, Mujika I, Young W. An integrated physiological and performance profile of professional tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(8):531–6; discussion 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.031351.
Morante SM, Brotherhood JR. Air temperature and physiological and subjective responses during competitive singles tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(11):773–8.
Tippet ML, Stofan JR, Lacambra M, Horswill CA. Core temperature and sweat responses in professional women’s tennis players during tournament play in the heat. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):55–60. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.55.
Périard JD, Racinais S, Knez WL, Herrera CP, Christian RJ, Girard O. Coping with heat stress during match-play tennis: does an individualised hydration regimen enhance performance and recovery? Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i64–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093242.
Périard JD, Racinais S, Knez WL, Herrera CP, Christian RJ, Girard O. Thermal, physiological and perceptual strain mediate alterations in match-play tennis under heat stress. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i32–i8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093063.
Kraning KK 2nd, Gonzalez RR. Physiological consequences of intermittent exercise during compensable and uncompensable heat stress. J Appl Physiol. 1991;71(6):2138–45.
American College of Sports Medicine, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Millard-Stafford M, Moran DS, Pyne SW, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(3):556–72. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31802fa199.
Bergeron MF. Reducing sports heat illness risk. Pediatr Rev. 2013;34(6):270–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-6-270.
Buller MJ, Welles AP, Friedl KE. Wearable physiological monitoring for human thermal-work strain optimization. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;124(2):432–41. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2017.
Byrne C, Lim CL. The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(3):126–33.
Epstein Y, Mazgaoker S, Gruber D, Moran DS, Yanovich R, Ketko I, et al. Measuring body core temperature using a novel non-invasive sensor. Extrem Physiol Med. 2015;4(Suppl 1):A28.
MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin temperature measurement using contact thermometry: a systematic review of setup variables and their effects on measured values. Front Physiol. 2018;9:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00029.
Bergeron MF, Devore C, Rice SG. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on sports medicine and fitness and council on school health. Policy statement - climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):e741–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1664.
Rowland T. Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisited. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(2):718–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01196.2007.
Inbar O, Morris N, Epstein Y, Gass G. Comparison of thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dry heat among prepubertal boys, young adults and older males. Exp Physiol. 2004;89(6):691–700.
Rivera-Brown AM, Rowland TW, Ramirez-Marrero FA, Santacana G, Vann A. Exercise tolerance in a hot and humid climate in heat-acclimatized girls and women. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(12):943–50.
Rowland T, Garrison A, Pober D. Determinants of endurance exercise capacity in the heat in prepubertal boys. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(1):26–32.
Rowland T, Hagenbuch S, Pober D, Garrison A. Exercise tolerance and thermoregulatory responses during cycling in boys and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(2):282–7.
Fortes MB, Di Felice U, Dolci A, Junglee NA, Crockford MJ, West L, et al. Muscle-damaging exercise increases heat strain during subsequent exercise heat stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(10):1915–24. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318294b0f8.
Coyle J. Cumulative heat stress appears to affect match outcome in a junior tennis championship. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(5):S110.. (Abstract)
Bergeron MF, Laird MD, Marinik EL, Brenner JS, Waller JL. Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:476–85. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2008.
Brenner IK, Zamecnik J, Shek PN, Shephard RJ. The impact of heat exposure and repeated exercise on circulating stress hormones. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;76(5):445–54.
Kruk B, Szczypaczewska M, Opaszowski B, Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Nazar K. Thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to repeated bouts of prolonged cycle-ergometer exercise in man. Acta Physiol Pol. 1990;41(7):22–31.
Ronsen O, Haugen O, Hallen J, Bahr R. Residual effects of prior exercise and recovery on subsequent exercise-induced metabolic responses. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;92:498–507.
Sawka MN, Knowlton RG, Critz JB. Thermal and circulatory responses to repeated bouts of prolonged running. Med Sci Sports. 1979;11(2):177–80.
Yamada PM, Golding LA. Physiological responses of female fire fighters to repeated work bouts. AMAA J. 2004;17(1):5–7.
Bergeron MF. Hydration and thermal strain during tennis in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i12–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093256.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics. 2001;107(5):1205–9.
Lopez-Samanes A, Moreno-Perez V, Kovacs MS, Pallares JG, Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF. Use of nutritional supplements and ergogenic aids in professional tennis players. Nutr Hosp. 2017;34(5):1463–8. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.1404.
Hornery DJ, Farrow D, Mujika I, Young WB. Caffeine, carbohydrate, and cooling use during prolonged simulated tennis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(4):423–38.
Ranchordas MK, Rogersion D, Ruddock A, Killer SC, Winter EM. Nutrition for tennis: practical recommendations. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(2):211–24.
Del Coso J, Estevez E, Mora-Rodriguez R. Caffeine during exercise in the heat: thermoregulation and fluid-electrolyte balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):164–73. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318184f45e.
Ely BR, Ely MR, Cheuvront SN. Marginal effects of a large caffeine dose on heat balance during exercise-heat stress. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011;21(1):65–70.
Bergeron MF. Youth sports - making it safe in the heat. ACSM Sports Medicine Basics. Indianapolis: American College of Sports Medicine; 2017.
Périard JD, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation: applications for competitive athletes and sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(Suppl 1):20–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12408.
Périard JD, Racinais S, Timpka T, Dahlstrom O, Spreco A, Jacobsson J, et al. Strategies and factors associated with preparing for competing in the heat: a cohort study at the 2015 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(4):264–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096579.
Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ, Flouris AD, Girard O, Gonzalez-Alonso J, et al. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Sports Med. 2015;45(7):925–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0343-6.
Périard JD, Travers GJS, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.002.
Goto M, Okazaki K, Kamijo Y, Ikegawa S, Masuki S, Miyagawa K, et al. Protein and carbohydrate supplementation during 5-day aerobic training enhanced plasma volume expansion and thermoregulatory adaptation in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;109(4):1247–55. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00577.2010.
Sawka MN, Montain SJ, Latzka WA. Hydration effects on thermoregulation and performance in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001;128:679–90.
Bergeron MF. Hydration in the pediatric athlete - how to guide your patients. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(4):288–93. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000179.
Armstrong LE, Johnson EC, Bergeron MF. COUNTERVIEW: is drinking to thirst adequate to appropriately maintain hydration status during prolonged endurance exercise? No. Wilderness Environ Med. 2016;27(2):195–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.03.002.
Rivera-Brown AM, Gutierrez R, Gutierrez JC, Frontera WR, Bar-Or O. Drink composition, voluntary drinking, and fluid balance in exercising, trained, heat-acclimatized boys. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(1):78–84.
Wilk B, Bar-Or O. Effect of drink flavor and NaCL on voluntary drinking and hydration in boys exercising in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80(4):1112–7.
Wilk B, Rivera-Brown AM, Bar-Or O. Voluntary drinking and hydration in non-acclimatized girls exercising in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(6):727–34.
Lynch GP, Périard JD, Pluim BM, Brotherhood JR, Jay O. Optimal cooling strategies for players in Australian Tennis Open conditions. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(3):232–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.017.
Schranner D, Scherer L, Lynch GP, Korder S, Brotherhood JR, Pluim BM, et al. In-play cooling interventions for simulated match-play tennis in hot/humid conditions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(5):991–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001183.
Reid M, Duffield R. The development of fatigue during match-play tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i7–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093196.
2018 WTA Official Rulebook. Women’s Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/publications/2018WTARulebook.pdf. Accessed 29 Apr 2018.
Wheelchair ITF. International Tennis Federation, London, UK. http://www.itftennis.com/wheelchair/home.aspx. Accessed 29 Apr 2018.
Price MJ. Thermoregulation during exercise in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Sports Med. 2006;36(10):863–79.
Girard O. Thermoregulation in wheelchair tennis-how to manage heat stress? Front Physiol. 2015;6:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00175.
ITF Wheelchair Tennis Regulations. International Tennis Federation, London, UK. 2018. http://www.itftennis.com/media/278520/278520.pdf. Accessed 29 Apr 2018.
Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Millard-Stafford M, Moran DS, Pyne SW, Roberts WO. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(3):556–72.
Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, Montain SJ, Reiff RV, Rich BSE, et al. National athletic trainers’ association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Train. 2000;35(2):212–24.
Cheung SS, Sleivert GG. Multiple triggers for hyperthermic fatigue and exhaustion. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2004;32(3):100–6.
Nybo L. Hyperthermia and fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(3):871–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00910.2007.
Périard JD, Caillaud C, Thompson MW. Central and peripheral fatigue during passive and exercise-induced hyperthermia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(9):1657–65. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182148a9a.
Girard O, Christian RJ, Racinais S, Périard JD. Heat stress does not exacerbate tennis-induced alterations in physical performance. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i39–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093165.
Périard JD, Girard O, Racinais S. Neuromuscular adjustments of the knee extensors and plantar flexors following match-play tennis in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(Suppl 1):i45–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093160.
Diaper NJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. A physiological case study of a paralympic wheelchair tennis player: reflective practise. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(2):300–7.
Duffield R, Bird SP, Ballard RJ. Field-based pre-cooling for on-court tennis conditioning training in the heat. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10(2):376–84.
Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Diaper NJ, Crosland J, Tolfrey K. Fluid intake during wheelchair exercise in the heat: effects of localized cooling garments. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;3(2):145–56.
Magal M, Webster MJ, Sistrunk LE, Whitehead MT, Evans RK, Boyd JC. Comparison of glycerol and water hydration regimens on tennis-related performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):150–6. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000043600.40490.7E.
Ranalli GF, Demartini JK, Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Effect of body cooling on subsequent aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(12):3488–96. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb3e15.
Siegel R, Mate J, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB. Pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion leads to similar run times to exhaustion in the heat as cold water immersion. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(2):155–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.625968.
Mendes JJ Jr, Vieira ME, Pires MB, Stevan SL Jr. Sensor fusion and smart sensor in sports and biomedical applications. Sensors (Basel). 2016;16(10):E1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101569.
Sawka MN, Friedl KE. Emerging wearable physiological monitoring technologies and decision aids for health and performance. J Appl Physiol. 2018;124(2):430–1. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00964.2017.
Millington B, Millington R. The datafication of everything: toward a sociology of sport and big data. Sociol Sport J. 2015;32(2):140–60.
Fry E, Mukherjee S. Big data meets biology. Fortune. 2018:44–56.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bergeron, M.F. (2019). Tennis in the Heat. In: Périard, J., Racinais, S. (eds) Heat Stress in Sport and Exercise. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93515-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93515-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93514-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93515-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)