Abstract
This chapter provides a context for the remainder of the project, by providing an overview of initiatives into developing language and literacy in English across the curriculum in England and associated teaching of grammar from the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how developing language and literacy across the curriculum is nothing new, and has long been of concern in education in the UK and beyond. The realisation of the importance of language for learning characterised early work in the field by Barnes et al. (1971) and The Bullock Report of 1975. At the same time, the theoretical underpinnings of what a pedagogic grammar could look like had as yet to be developed, which it now has. It discusses the ideological clashes in relation to the teaching of grammar that characterised the introduction of the national curriculum in the late 1980s through to the present day, and how various whole scale initiatives such as NLS in the 1990s and 2000s failed to impact upon teachers’ imagination and pedagogic practices. Its central argument is, that for any kind of literacy across the curriculum strategy to have any purchase, it has to align with teachers’ day to day affordances across all curriculum subjects in ways that take account of the local as well as the regional and national contexts within which they work, rather than as top down, generic initiative that are imposed upon them.
Keywords
- Secondary School Curriculum
- Bullock Report
- Grammar Instruction
- Language developmentLanguage Development
- Schleppegrell
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Achugar, M., & Carpenter, B. D. (2012). Developing disciplinary literacy in a multilingual history classroom. Linguistics and Education, 23(3), 262–276.
Andrews, R. (2005). Knowledge about the teaching of [sentence] grammar: The state of play. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 4(3), 69–76.
Andrews R., Torgerson C., Beverton S., Locke T., Low G., Robinson A., & Zhu D. (2004a). The effect of grammar teaching (syntax) in English on 5 to 16 year olds’ accuracy and quality in written composition. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education. Retrieved December 12, 2005 from http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/reel.
Andrews R., Torgerson C., Beverton S., Locke T., Low G., Robinson A., & Zhu D. (2004b). The effect of grammar teaching (sentence-combining) in English on 5 to 16 year olds’ accuracy and quality in written composition. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education. Retrieved December 12, 2005 from http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/reel.
Andrews, R., Torgerson, C., Beverton, S., Freeman, A., Locke, T., Low, G., et al. (2006). The effect of grammar teaching on writing development. British Educational Research Journal, 32(1), 39–55.
Androutsopoulos, J., & Georgakopoulou, A. (2003). Discourse constructions of youth identities. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Barnes, D. (1976/1992). From communication to curriculum. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook Heinemann.
Barnes, D., Britton, J., & Rosen, M. (1969/1971). Language, the learner and the school. London: Penguin Education.
Benesch, S. (2001). Critical English for academic purposes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Bernstein, B. (1991). The structuring of pedagogic discourse. Vol. 4. Class, codes and control. London and New York: Routledge.
Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity. London: Taylor & Francis.
Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (Eds.). (2014). Heteroglossia as practice and pedagogy. Dordrecht, Heidlelberg, New York and London: Springer.
Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blommaert, J., & Backus, A. (2011). Repertoires revisited: ‘Knowing language’ in superdiversity. London: Kings College Working Papers in Language and Literacies.
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In R. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, education and social change: Papers in the sociology of education. Tavistock: Tavistock Publications.
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. (1977). Reproduction in education society and culture. London: Sage.
Bragg, S., Kehily, M. J., & Buckingham, D. (Eds.). (2014). Youth cultures in the age of global media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brisk, M. (2015). Engaging students in academic literacies: Genre based pedagogy for K-5 classrooms. London and New York: Routledge.
Britton, J. (1970). Language and learning. London: Penguin.
Christie, F., Gray, P., Gray, B., Macken, M., Martin, J. R. & Rothery, J. (1990a, 1990b, 1992). Language a resource for meaning: Procedures. Books 1–4 and Teachers Manual; Reports Books 104 and Teachers’ Manual; Explanations Books 1–4 and Teachers’ Manual. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Clark, U. (1994). Bringing English to order. English in Education, 28(1), 33–38.
Clark, U. (2001). War words: Language, history and the disciplining of English. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Clark, U. (2005). Bernstein’s theory of pedagogic discourse: Linguistics, educational policy and practice in the UK English/literacy classroom. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 4(3), 32–47.
Clark, U. (2013). Language and identity in Englishes. London: Routledge.
Clay, M. (1991). Becoming literate: The construction of inner control. London: Hienemann.
Clay, M. (1993). An observation survey of early literacy development. London: Heinemann.
Cobbett, W. (1818). A grammar of the English language. New York: Peter Eckler.
Coffin, C. (1996). Exploring literacy in school history. Sydney: Disadvantaged Schools Program.
Coffin, C. (2006). Historical discourse: The language of time, cause and evaluation. London: Continuum.
Coffin, C., & Donohue, J. (2014). A language as a social-semiotic-based approach to teaching and learning in higher education. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2012). Literacies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Denham, K., & Lobeck, A. (Eds.). (2010). Linguistics at school: Language awareness in primary and secondary education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Department of Education and Science (DES). (1975). The Bullock Report. A Language for Life. London: HMSO.
Department of Education and Science. (1988). The Kingman Report. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Teaching of English Language. London: HMSO.
Derewianka, B. (1990). Exploring how texts work. Rozelle, NSW: Primary English Association.
De Silva Joyce, H., & Feez, S. (2016). Exploring literacies: Theory, research, practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dixon, J. (1991). A schooling in English. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Doeke, B., & Breen, L. (2013). Beginning again: A response to Rosen and Christie. Changing English; Studies in Culture and Education, 20(3), 292–305.
Doughty, P., Pearce, J., & Thornton, G. (1971). Language in use. London: Schools Council.
Ellis, V., & Briggs, J. (2011). Teacher education and applied linguistics: What needs to be understood about what, how and where beginning teachers learn. In S. Ellis & E. McCartney (Eds.), Applied linguistics and primary school teaching (pp. 276–289). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Freedman, A. (1994). ‘Do as I say’: The relationship between teaching and learning new genres. In A. Freedman & P. Medway (Eds.), Genre and the new rhetoric (pp. 191–210). London: Taylor & Francis.
French, R. (2012). Learning the grammatics of quoted speech: Benefits for punctuation and expressive reading. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 35(2), 206–222.
Garcia, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gartland, L., & Smolkin, L. (2016). The histories and mysteries of grammar instruction. The Reading Teacher, 69(4), 391–399.
Gee, J. (2012). The old and the new in the new digital literacies. Education Forum, 76(4), 418–420.
Gee, J. (2014). Decontextualised language: A problem, not a solution. International Multilingual Research, 8(1), 9–23.
Georgakopoulou, A. (2014). ‘Girlpower or girl (in) trouble?’ Identities and discourses in the (new) media engagement of adolescents’ school-based interaction. In J. Androutsopoulos (Ed.), Mediatization and sociolinguistic change (pp. 428–455). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom: Students, teachers and researchers. London: Continuum.
Giovanelli, M., & Clayton, D. (Eds.). (2016). Knowing about language: Linguistics and the secondary English classroom. London: Routledge.
Goodwyn, A., & Fuller, C. (2011). The great literacy debate. London: Routledge.
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools—A report to Carnegie corporation of New York. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.
Halliday, M. (1991). Linguistic perspectives on literacy: A systemic-functional approach. In F. Christie (Ed.), Literacy in social processes: Papers from the Inaugural Australian Systemic Linguistics Conference. Centre for Studies of Language in Education, Darwin.
Halliday, M. (1993). Towards a language-based theory of learning. Linguistics and Education, 5(2), 93–116.
Halliday, M. (1996). Literacy and linguistics: A functional perspective. In R. Hasan & G. Williams (Eds.), Literacy in society (pp. 339–376). London: Longman.
Hamond, J. (Ed.). (2001). Scaffolding: Teaching and learning in language and literacy education. Newtown: Primary English Teaching Association.
Herrington, M., & Macken-Horarik, M. (2015). Linguistically informed teaching of spelling: Toward a relational approach. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 38(2), 61–71.
Hudson, R., & Walmsley, J. (2005). The English patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century. Journal of Linguistics, 41(3), 593–622.
Humphrey, S. (1996). Exploring literacy in school geography. Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools Program.
Humphrey, S. (2016). Academic literacies in the middle years: A framework for enhancing teacher knowledge and student achievement. London and New York: Routledge.
Humphrey, S., & Macnaught, L. (2015). Functional language instruction and the writing growth of English language learners in the middle years. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4), 252–278.
Jewitt, C., Bezemer, J., & O Hallora, K. (2016). Introducing multimodality. London: Routledge.
Kendrick, M. (2016). Literacy and multimodality across different global sites. New York and London: Routledge.
Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2007). A New Literacies Sampler. New York: Peter Lang.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. London: Routledge Falmer.
Locke, T. (Ed.). (2010). Beyond the grammar wars: A resource book for developing teachers and students language knowledge in the English/literacy classroom. London and New York: Routledge.
Macken-Horarik, M. (2008). Multiliteracies and ‘basic skills’ accountability. In L. Unsworth (Ed.), New literacties and the English curriculum: Multimodal perspectives (pp. 283–308). London: Continuum.
Macken-Horarik, M. (2011). Why schools English needs a ‘good enough’ grammatics (and not more grammar). Changing English: Studies in culture and education, 19(2), 46–53.
Macken-Horarik, M., Love, K., & Horarik, S. (2018). Rethinking grammar in language arts: Insights from an Australian survey of teachers’ subject knowledge. Research in the Teaching of English, 52(3), 288–316.
Macken-Horarick, M., Sandiford, C., Love, K., & Unsworth, L. (2015). New ways of working ‘with grammar in mind’ in school English: Insights from systemic functional grammatics. Linguistics and Education, 31, 145–158.
Marsh, J., Merchant, G., Gillen, J., & Davies, J. (2012). Virtual literacies: Interactive spaces for children and young people. New York: Routledge.
Martin, J. (2013). Embedded literacy: Knowledge as meaning. Linguistics and Education, 24, 23–37.
Martin, J., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox.
Maune, M., & Klassen, M. (2014). Filling in the gaps: Genre as a scaffold to the text types of the Common Core State Standards. In L. C. Oliveira & J. Iddings (Eds.), Genre pedagogy across the curriculum: Theory and application in U.S. classrooms and contexts. Sheffield and Bristol, CT: Equinox.
Maybin, J. (2014). Researching children’s language and literacy practices in school. In C. McAlister & S. Ellis (Eds.), Genre pedagogy and literacy across learning. Paper presented at SERA Annual Conference 2014, Edinburgh, UK.
Myhill, D. (2018). Grammar as a meaning-making resource for improving writing. LI. Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 18, 1–21.
Myhill, D., & Watson, A. (2013a). Creating a language-rich classroom. In S. Capel, M. Leask, & T. Turner (Eds.), Learning to teach in the secondary school: A companion to school experience (pp. 403–413). London: Routledge.
Myhill, D., & Watson, A. (2013b). Grammar matters: How teachers’ grammatical knowledge impacts on the teaching of writing. Teaching and Teacher Education, 36, 77–91.
Myhill, D., & Watson, A. (2014). The role of grammar in the writing curriculum: A review. Journal of Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 30(1), 41–62.
Myhill, D., Jones, S., Lines, H., & Watson, A. (2012). Re-thinking grammar: The impact of embedded grammar teaching on students’ writing and students’ metalinguistic understanding. Research Papers Education, 27(2), 139–166.
Nesi, H., & Gardener, S. (2012). Genres across the disciplines: Students writing in higher education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Halloran, K. L. (2005). Mathematical discourse: Language, symbolism and visual images. London and New York: Continuum.
Ofsted. (2009). English at the crossroads: An evaluation of English in primary and secondary schools 2005/8. London: HMSO.
Ofsted. (2012). Moving English forward. London: HMSO.
Oliveira, L. C., & Iddings, J. (2014). Genre pedagogy across the curriculum: Theory and application in U.S. classrooms and contexts. Sheffield and Bristol, CT: Equinox.
Pahl, K., & Roswell, J. (2012). Literacy and education: The new literacy studies in the classroom (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Painter, C., Martin, J. R., & Unsworth, L. (2013). Reading visual narratives: Image analysis of children’s picture books. London: Equinox.
Parry, B., Burnett, C., & Marchant, G. (Eds.). (2016). Literacy, media, technology: Past, present and future. London: Bloomsbury.
Polias, J., & Dare, B. (2006). Towards a pedagogic grammar. In R. Whittaker, M. O’Donnell, & A. McCabe (Eds.), Language and literacy: Functional approaches. London and New York: Continuum.
Quinn, M. (2004). Talking with Jess: Looking at how metalanguage assisted explanation writing in the middle years. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 27(3), 245–261.
Raban, B., Clark, U., & McIntyre, J. (1994). Evaluation of the implementation of English in the national curriculum at key stages 1, 2 and 3 (1991–1993). London: Schools Curriculum and Assessment Authority. http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/warwick/warwick1994.html.
Rose, D., Gray, B., & Cowey, W., (1999). Scaffolding reading and writing for indigenous children in school. In P. Wignell (Ed.), Double power: English literacy in indigenous schooling (pp. 23–60). Melbourne: NLLIA.
Rosen, M. (2013). How genre theory saved the world. Changing English: Studies in Culture and Education, 20(1), 3–10.
Rothery, J. (1994). Exploring literacy in school English (write it right resources for literacy and learning). Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools Program.
Rothery, J. (1996). Making changes: Developing an educational linguistics. In R. Hasan & G. Williams (Eds.), Literacy in society (pp. 86–123). London: Longman.
Schleppegrell, M. (2013). The role of metalanguage in supporting academic language development. Language Learning, 63, 153–170.
Schleppegrell, M., Greer, S., & Taylor, S. (2008). Literacy in history: Language and meaning. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 31(2), 174–187.
Unsworth, L., & Thomas, A. (Eds.). (2014). English teaching and new literacies pedagogy: Interpreting and authoring digital multimedia narratives. New York: Peter Lang.
Unsworth, L., & Macken-Horarik, M. (2015). Interpretive responses to images in picture books by primary and secondary school students: Exploring curriculum expectations of a ‘visual grammatics’. English in Education, 49(1), 56–79.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024–1054.
Watson, A. (2015). The problem of grammar teaching: A case study of the relationship between a teacher’s beliefs and pedagogical practice. Language and Education, 29(4), 332–346.
Williams, G. (1998). Children entering literate worlds: Perspectives from the study of textual practice. In F. Christie & R. Misson (Eds.), Literacy and schooling (pp. 18–46). London and New York: Routledge.
Williams, G. (2000). Children’s literature, children and uses of language description. In L. Unsworth (Ed.), Researching language in schools and communities: A functional perspective (pp. 111–129). London and New York: Continuum.
Williams, G. (2004). Ontogenesis and grammatics: Functions of metalanguage in pedagogic discourse. In G. Williams & A. Lukin (Eds.), The development of language (pp. 241–267). London and New York: Continuum.
Wyse, D. (2017). How writing works: From the invention of the alphabet to the rise of social media. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wyse, D., Jones, R., Bradford, H., & Anne, W. M. (2013). Teaching English language and literacy (3rd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clark, U. (2019). Introduction: Language and Literacy Across the Secondary School Curriculum. In: Developing Language and Literacy in English across the Secondary School Curriculum . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93239-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93239-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93238-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93239-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)