Abstract
For the intrinsic complexity of multi-level programming problems, metaheuristic algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu search, have been used to solve the problems.
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Cheng, CB., Shih, HS., Lee, E.S. (2019). Metaheuristics for Multi-level Optimization. In: Fuzzy and Multi-Level Decision Making: Soft Computing Approaches. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol 368. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92525-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92525-7_8
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