Abstract
Our understanding of molecular processes governing embryonic vascular development has largely come from in vivo and ex vivo studies using model organisms (laboratory mice, chick, and xenopus embryos) and in vitro studies using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or human embryonic stem cell lines (hESCs). ESCs have the capability of differentiating into any of the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm). These investigations have been foundational to concepts governing our understanding of vascular anomaly development and treatment. At this time it is being determined how much animal and in vitro cellular biology is directly relevant to clinical care of vascular anomalies.
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Ganti, S.N., Majesky, M.W., Perkins, J.A. (2018). Developmental Vascular Biology. In: Perkins, J., Balakrishnan, K. (eds) Evidence-Based Management of Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92306-2_4
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