Abstract
The Mandel-Poulantzas debate of the seventies was one of the rare attempts in political economy to provide an explanation of the long-term European integration rationale. For Mandel, an amalgamation of national capitals at the European level was necessary, as capitals in Europe have no other choice than to gather forces in order to survive the competition of US capital. The emergence of European proto-state was a side effect of this process of capital amalgamation. Poulantzas doubted this hypothesis, pointing out the growing imbrications between US and European capitals and the resilience of long-term historical singularities reflected in the national state. Four decades later, this contribution goes back to this debate and examines empirically the organization of capital in Europe, looking at ownership (nationality and kind of investor), board interlock networks, and trade interdependency. It shows that Europeanization is only one of the facets of a broader process of capital internationalization.
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Notes
- 1.
Klaus Schwab, ‘The Profitability of Trust’, Project Syndicate, 9 December 2014, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/profit-maximization-versus-social-responsibility-by-klaus-schwab-2014-12.
- 2.
Peter Cocks, ‘Towards a Marxist Theory of European Integration’, International Organization, 34, 1980, p. 15.
- 3.
See Cédric Durand and Razmig Keucheyan, ‘Financial Hegemony and the Unachievement of European statehood’, Competition and Change, 19, 2, 2015.
- 4.
Among the many important contemporary studies on the European Union, Magnus Ryner has provided an introduction to the debate; ‘Financial Crisis, Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in the Production of Knowledge about the EU’, Millennium Journal of International Studies, 40, June 2012, pp. 647–73.
- 5.
Ernest Mandel, ‘International Capitalism and “Supra-Nationality”, Socialist Register, 4, 1967, pp. 27–41, text at the Marxists Internet Archive; Ernest Mandel, Europe Vs. America, London: Monthly Review Press, 2009; Nicos Poulantzas, ‘L’internationalisation des rapports capitalistes et l’État-Nation’, Les Temps Modernes, 319, February 1973, pp. 1456–1500, English version ‘Internationalisation of Capitalist Relations and the Nation-State’, Economy and Society, 3, 2, 1974, pp. 145–79.
- 6.
‘International Capitalism and “Supra-Nationality”’, op. cit.
- 7.
‘Internationalisation of capitalist relations and the Nation-State’, op. cit., p. 169.
- 8.
Ibid., p. 151.
- 9.
Ibid., p. 171.
- 10.
‘International Capitalism and “Supra-Nationality”’, op. cit.
- 11.
‘Internationalisation of capitalist relations and the Nation-State’, op. cit., p. 171.
- 12.
Ibid., pp. 177–78.
- 13.
For example, Ernest Mandel, Critique de l’eurocommunisme, Paris: Maspero, 1978, and Traité d’économie marxiste, Vol. 3, Paris: 10/18, 1962, pp. 260–63.
- 14.
Europe Vs. America, op. cit., p. 23.
- 15.
Ibid., p. 62.
- 16.
Étienne Balibar, ‘On the Basic Concepts of Historical Materialism’, in Louis Althusser (ed.), Reading Capital, London: NLB, 1970, first French edition 1965.
- 17.
Charles Bettelheim, Economic Calculation and Forms of Property, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
- 18.
Ibid., p. 56.
- 19.
Michel Aglietta, A Theory of Capitalist Regulation: The US Experience, London: Verso, 2000, p. 220.
- 20.
André Orléan, Le pouvoir de la finance, Paris: Odile Jacob, 1999.
- 21.
For an introduction to the literature in this field, see Jennifer J. Bair, Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.
- 22.
Corrine Perraudin, Héloïse Petit, Nadine Thèvenot and Julie Valentin, ‘Inter-firm dependency and employment inequalities: Theoretical hypotheses and empirical tests on French subcontracting relationships’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 46, 2, 2014, pp. 199–220.
- 23.
William Milberg and Deborah Winkler, Outsourcing Economics.
- 24.
Didier Davydoff, Daniele Fano and Li Qin, ‘Who owns the European economy? Evolution of the ownership of EU-listed companies between 1970 and 2012’, 2013 European Commission Report.
- 25.
Mark Mizruchi, The Structure of Corporate Political Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
- 26.
According to a study the authors conducted into the share held by US stockholders belonging to the top 20 stockholders. Based on a representative sample of the European stock markets (Eurostoxx 600 index), covering over 1100 companies representing more than 12,000 figures from 1999 to 2012.
- 27.
François-Xavier Dudouet, Éric Grémont, Antoine Vion (2012), ‘Transnational Business Networks in the Eurozone: A focus on four major stock exchange indices’, in Georgina Murray and John Scott (eds.), Financial Elites and Transnational Business: Who Rules the World?, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 124–45.
- 28.
William Carroll, JP Sapinski, ‘The Global Corporate Elite and the Transnational Policy-Planning Network, 1996–2006: A Structural Analysis’, International Sociology, 25, 2010, pp. 501–38; Stefania Vitali and Stefano Battiston, ‘Geography versus topology in the European Ownership Network’, New Journal of Physics, 13, 063021, 2011.
- 29.
Kees Van der Pijl, Otto Holman, Or Raviv, ‘The Resurgence of German Capital in Europe: EU integration and the restructuring of Atlantic networks of interlocking directorates after 1991’, Review of International Political Economy, 18, 3, 2011, pp. 384–408.
- 30.
OECD figures, authors’ calculations.
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Auvray, T., Durand, C. (2019). A European Capitalism? Revisiting the Mandel–Poulantzas Debate. In: Ducange, JN., Keucheyan, R. (eds) The End of the Democratic State. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90890-8_10
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