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Policy Failures and the Irish Economic Crisis

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Abstract

The political debates on the Irish economy have received no academic attention to date. This chapter is based on a reading of all the relevant Dáil debates from 2000 to 2006. It draws on secondary literature arguing that Irish politics in the twentieth century was characterised by localised interests and brokerage, suggesting that these preoccupations survived into the new millennium. It considers the Fianna Fáil/Progressive Democrat Government coalitions of the period, drawing on the parliamentary debates to explain the economic choices that were made. With some exceptions, the chapter is critical of the lack of expertise or even interest in economic or financial stability issues exhibited in the Dáil. The standout example of a politician engaging with a meaningful economic issue was Eamon Gilmore’s championing of the key proposal advocated in the ‘Kenny Report’, published in 1974. The report advocated that local authorities should be enabled to compulsorily purchase development land in areas designated by a high court judge at agricultural prices plus a 25% premium. Several opposition politicians resuscitated the proposal in the millennial period as a possible solution to rampant property price inflation. The chapter follows the Government’s response to the proposal, which several senior ministers professed to support, including Bertie Ahern as Taoiseach. Action was repeatedly deferred, however, until eventually the proposal fell off the political agenda. The chapter argues that the most likely explanation was that it was a politically unpalatable solution that could not be rejected upfront. It contends that this exposes the limits of what politicians were willing to countenance in order to address the issue.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Dáil Éireann debate excerpt is the copyright of Houses of the Oireachtas. Re-use permitted in line with the Oireachtas (Open Data) PSI licence. https://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/copyright-and-reuse/.

  2. 2.

    J. J. Lee , Ireland: 1912–1985, Politics and Society (1989), 82–85, 470, 472, 519, 546; Elaine A. Byrne, Political Corruption in Ireland, 1922–2010: A Crooked Harp (Manchester, 2012), 90, 217, 221, 238; Tom Garvin (2004), Preventing the Future (2012), 45–48, 74, 82; Mary Daly, Industrial Development and Irish National Identity (1992), 178; Lee Komito, ‘Irish Clientelism: A Reappraisal’, Economic and Social Review , vol. 15, no. 3 (April 1984), 173–194; and Richard Manton, ‘Spokes or Strokes? Clientelism and Cycling Funding in Ireland’, Irish Political Studies (2016). Published online, available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2016.1141766.

  3. 3.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 559, no. 3: Financial Resolutions, 2002—Financial Resolution No. 11: General (Resumed), Michael D. Higgins, 12 December 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 5: Financial Resolutions, 2002—Budget Statement 2002, 4 December 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 576, no. 2: Financial Resolutions, 2003—Budget Statement 2003, 3 December 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 561, no. 6: Finance Bill 2003: Second Stage (Resumed), Seán Power, 20 February 2003.

  4. 4.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 553, no. 3: Private Members’ Business: Programme for Government : Motion (Resumed), Tony Killeen, 19 June 2002.

  5. 5.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 559, no. 4: Planning and Development (Amendment) Bill, 2002 [Seanad]: Second Stage (Resumed), Charlie O’Connor, 13 December 2002 and ‘Big Increase in Dual Mandate TDs ’, The Irish Times , 22 May 2002.

  6. 6.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 533, no. 1, Nomination of Taoiseach , Seamus Healy, 6 June 2002; ‘Laws on Dual Mandate are Undemocratic, TD Claims, The Irish Times , 29 January 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 553, no. 2: Private Members’ Business: Programme for Government : Motion, Michael Ring , 18 June 2002; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 548, no. 4: Finance Bill, 2002: Second Stage, Ulick Burke, 14 February 2002.

  7. 7.

    Houses of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee of Inquiry into the Banking Crisis, vol. 2, no. 38, Charlie McCreevy , 1 July 2015, 94 and Houses of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee of Inquiry into the Banking Crisis, vol. 2, no. 48, Bertie Ahern , 16 July 2015, 110.

  8. 8.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 5: Financial Resolutions, 2002: Budget Statement 2002, Dan Boyle , 4 December 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 585, no. 2: Management of Public Funds: Motion, Richard Bruton , 11 May 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 597, no. 2: Finance Bill 2005: Second Stage, Richard Bruton , 8 February 2005; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 601, no. 3: Parliamentary Questions—Budgetary Procedures, Brian Cowen , 27 April 2005.

  9. 9.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 594, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 2—General (Resumed), Eamon Ryan , 2 December 2004; Notably Garret Fitzgerald , The Irish Times , see Chapter 6; and Data from ‘Expenditure Trends’, Department of Public Expenditure and Reform, http://www.per.gov.ie/en/expenditure-trends/. Accessed 25 September 2015.

  10. 10.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 553, no. 1: Nomination of Taoiseach , Seamus Healy, 6 June 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 627, no. 6: Housing Policy: Motion, Willie Penrose, 21 November 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 585, no. 2: Management of Public Funds: Motion, Richard Bruton , 11 May 2004; and ‘McDowell Says PDs Are Key to any Coalition’, The Irish Times , 25 February 2006, 1.

  11. 11.

    Stephen Collins, Breaking the Mould: How the PDs Changed Ireland (Dublin , 2006), 25–29, 42–45; Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 527, no. 5: Financial Resolution No. 4: General (Resumed), Pat Rabbitte , 7 December 2000; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 548, no. 4: Finance Bill 2002: Second Stage (Resumed), Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin, 14 February 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 548, no. 3: Finance Bill 2002: Second Stage (Resumed), Derek McDowell, 13 February 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 5: Financial Resolutions 2002—Budget Statement 2002 Richard Bruton , 4 December 2002; Sean MacCarthaigh, ‘McCreevy Promises to Stick to 4% Spending Limit’, The Irish Times , 8 November 1997; Collins, Breaking the Mould: How the PDs Changed Ireland (Dublin , 2006), 27; Johan Christensen, The Power of Economists Within the State (Stanford: Stanford University Press) (2017), 92–93; and Data from ‘Expenditure Trends’, Department of Public Expenditure and Reform, http://www.per.gov.ie/en/expenditure-trends/. Accessed 25 September 2015.

  12. 12.

    Mary Minihan, ‘Papers Reveal Political Wrangling Behind State’s Boom-Time Giveaway Budget ’, The Irish Times , 18 February 2013; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 585, no. 3: Management of Public Funds: Motion, Charlie McCreevy , 12 May 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 576, no. 2: Financial Resolutions 2003—Budget Statement 2003, Charlie McCreevy , 3 December 2003; Cormac Ó Gráda , ‘Is the Celtic Tiger a Paper Tiger?’, in ESRI, Quarterly Economic Commentary, Spring 2002, 7; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 550, no. 2: Finance Bill 2002: Report Stage, Charlie McCreevy , 7 March 2002; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 562, no. 4: Finance Bill 2003: Report Stage, Charlie McCreevy , 4 March 2003.

  13. 13.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 527, no. 5: Financial Resolution No. 4: General (Resumed), Mary Harney , 7 December 2000; Mark Brennock, Harney Opposes Closer Integration of Europe ’, The Irish Times , 22 July 2000; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 6: Financial Resolutions, 2002—Financial Resolution No. 11: General (Resumed), Mary Harney , 5 December 2002; and Mark Brennock, ‘Harney Opposes More Tax on Wealthy’, The Irish Times , 2 August 2004.

  14. 14.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 5: Financial Resolutions 2002—Financial Resolution No. 4: Stamp Duties, Michael McDowell , 4 December 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 576, no. 4: Financial Resolutions 2003—Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Michael McDowell , 5 December 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Financial Resolution No. 6: General (Resumed), Michael McDowell , 8 December 2005.

  15. 15.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Michael McDowell , 8 December 2005; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Michael McDowell , 7 December 2006.

  16. 16.

    Arthur B. Laffer , ‘The Laffer Curve: Past, Present and Future’ (2004). Available from www.heritage.org.

  17. 17.

    Derek Scally, ‘Cowen Reaffirms EU Commitment’, The Irish Times , 8 March 2001 , 8; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 599, no. 3: Finance Bill 2005: Report Stage (Resumed), Brian Cowen , 9 March 2005; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 592, no. 4: Leaders’ Questions, Bertie Ahern , 17 November 2004; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 592, no. 3: Leaders’ Questions, Bertie Ahern , 16 November 2004.

  18. 18.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 550, no. 4: Private Members’ Business—Economic Policies Motion, Derek McDowell, 20 March 2002 and Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 576, no. 5: Leaders’ Questions, Bertie Ahern , 9 December 2003.

  19. 19.

    Arthur Beesley, ‘Taoiseach Attacks Economy’s Doubters’, The Irish Times , 8 April 2000; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Noel Treacy , 8 December 2005; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 555, no. 1: Private Members’ Business—Public Finances: Motion, Mary Coughlan, 10 December 2002.

  20. 20.

    Charlie McCreevy , ‘Strong Irish Economy Is Getting Stronger’, The Irish Times , 13 September 2000.

  21. 21.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 585, no. 3: Management of Public Funds: Motion (Resumed), Martin Ferris, 12 May 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 599, no. 3: Finance Bill 2005: Report Stage (Resumed), Brian Cowen , 9 March 2005; Houses of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee of Inquiry into the Banking Crisis, vol. 2, no. 38, Charlie McCreevy , 1 July 2015, 116; and Harry McGee and Fiach Kelly , ‘Renua Ireland Wants New Flat Tax on all Income’, The Irish Times , 3 September 2015.

  22. 22.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 514, no. 6: Finance Bill 200: Second Stage, Michael Noonan , 22 February 2000; Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 522, no. 2: Private Members’ Business—Government Policies: Motion, Michael Noonan , 22 June 2000; Dáil Eireann Debate 2001 , vol. 530, no. 3: Private Notice Questions—Budgetary Policies, Charlie McCreevy , 13 June 2001; Dáil Eireann Debate 2001 , vol. 539, no. 2: Priority Questions—Inflation Rate, Charlie McCreevy , 27 June 2001; Dan O’Brien, ‘McCreevy ’s Fiscal Policy Was Lacking in Sophistication’, The Irish Times , 29 September 2004; Philip Lane , ‘Tighter Fiscal Policy Needed to Fight Inflation’, The Irish Times , 8 May 2000, 14; and For the IMF , see Chapter 3.

  23. 23.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 6: General (Resumed), Bertie Ahern , 7 December 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 628, no. 1: Priority Questions—Fiscal Policy, Brian Cowen , 22 November 2006; and Dáil Eireann Debate 1997, vol. 473, no. 4: Financial Resolutions 1997—Financial Statement, Budget 1997, Charlie McCreevy , 22 January 1997.

  24. 24.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 567, no. 6: Priority Questions—Price Inflation, Richard Bruton , 28 May 2003; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 617, no. 85: Priority Questions—Fiscal Policy, Joan Burton , 30 March 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 554, no. 5: Private Members’ Business—Public Finances: Motion, Charlie McCreevy , 9 October 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 561, no. 5: Finance Bill 2003: Second Stage (Resumed), Joan Burton , 19 February 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 593, no. 1: Leaders’ Questions, Enda Kenny , 23 February 2004.

  25. 25.

    ‘Rich Man, Poor Man’, editorial, The Irish Independent , 7 February 2006; Donovan and Murphy , The Fall of the Celtic Tiger (2013), 122; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 582, no. 1: Finance Bill 2004: Report Stage, 10 March 2004. http://taxpolicy.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Taxrev2006vol2.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2015.

  26. 26.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2006; vol. 627, no. 5: Industrial Development Bill 2006: Second Stage, Eamon Ryan , 16 November 2006. Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 623, no. 86: Leaders’ Questions, Enda Kenny , 5 July 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 6: General (Resumed), Enda Kenny , 7 December 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 614, no. 16: Finance Bill 2006: Second Stage, Richard Bruton , 7 December 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Budget Statement 2006, Richard Bruton , 6 December 2006.

  27. 27.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 594, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 2—General (Resumed), 2 December 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 611, no. 17: Budget Statement 2005, 7 December 2005; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Enda Kenny and Arthur Morgan, 8 December 2005.

  28. 28.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Budget Statement 2006, Brian Cowen and Finian McGrath , 6 December 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 623, no. 86: Government Record: Motion (Resumed), Richard Bruton and Joan Burton , 5 July 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 623, no. 124: Government Record: Motion (Resumed), Pat Rabbitte , 4 July 2006; Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 628, no. 1: Priority Questions—Fiscal Policy, Richard Bruton , 22 November 2006; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 629, no. 2: Financial Resolution No. 6: General (Resumed), Roisín Shortall , 7 December 2006.

  29. 29.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 597, no. 3: Finance Bill 2005: Second Stage (Resumed), Sean Fleming , 9 February 2005; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 592, no. 3: Leaders’ Questions, Bertie Ahern , 16 November 2004; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 592, no. 4: Leaders’ Questions, Bertie Ahern , 17 November 2004.

  30. 30.

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  31. 31.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2006, vol. 522, no. 2: Finance (No. 2) Bill, 2000: Second Stage (Resumed), Charlie McCreevy , 27 June 2000 and Dáil Eireann Debate 2001 , vol. 531, no. 4: Finance Bill, 2001: Second Stage (Resumed), Derek McDowell, Pat Rabbitte , and Charlie McCreevy , 28 February 2001.

  32. 32.

    Bacon et al., Economic Assessment of Recent House Price Developments (1998), iv, vi, 28, 30, 85; Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 548, no. 3: Finance Bill, 2002: Second Stage (Resumed), Martin Cullen , 13 February 2001 ; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 579, no. 5: Finance Bill 2004: Second Stage, Richard Bruton , Dan Boyle and Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin, 11 February 2004.

  33. 33.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 558, no. 3: Other Questions—Local Authority Housing, Noel Ahern , 28 November 2002; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 570, no. 2: Private Members’ Business—Housing Crisis: Motion, Noel Ahern , 1 July 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 597, no. 3: Other Questions—House Prices, Noel Ahern , 9 February 2005.

  34. 34.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 514, no. 4: Planning and Development Bill, 1999 [Seanad]: Second Stage (Resumed), Sean Ryan , 16 February 2000 and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 586, no. 3: Private Members’ Business—Housing Provisions: Motion (Resumed), Pat Rabbitte , 26 May 2004.

  35. 35.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 606, no. 80: Other Questions—Economic Growth, Richard Bruton , 5 October 2005; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Financial Resolution No. 5: General (Resumed), Pat Rabbitte , 8 December 2005; Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 612, no. 15: Priority Questions—Fiscal Policy, Brian Cowen , 13 December 2005; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2005, vol. 610, no. 70: Housing Policy: Statements, Dick Roche , 16 November 2005.

  36. 36.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 521, no. 1: Private Members’ Business—Housing Policy: Motion, Eamon Gilmore , 13 June 2000; Elaine Byrne , A Crooked Harp (2012), 4, 192, 193, 197, 199–204; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2002, vol. 548, no. 3: Finance Bill, 2002: Second Stage, Brendan Daly , 13 February 2002.

  37. 37.

    P. J. Drudy , ‘Housing: The Case for a New Philosophy’, in B. Reynolds and S. Healy (eds.), Securing Fairness and Well-Being in a Land of Plenty (Dublin , 2005), 43–44.

  38. 38.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 575, no. 3: Private Members’ Business—Local Government Funding: Motion, Sean Ryan , 25 November 2003 and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 579, no. 5: Finance Bill 2004: Second Stage, Seán Fleming , 11 February 2004.

  39. 39.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 582, no. 6: Private Members’ Business—Confidence in the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government : Motion, Tony Gregory , 30 March 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 575, no. 3: Private Members’ Business—Local Government Funding, Billy Timmins, 25 November 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 516, no. 5, Planning and Development Bill, 1999 [Seanad]: Second Stage (Resumed), 23 March 2000.

  40. 40.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2001 , vol. 531, no. 4, Finance Bill, 2001: Second Stage (Resumed), Charlie McCreevy , 28 February 2001; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 531, no. 4, Private Members’ Business—Local Government Funding: Motion (Resumed), Ciarán Cuffe , 26 November 2003; and Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 579, no. 5: Finance Bill 2004: Second Stage, John Bruton , 11 February 2004.

  41. 41.

    Committee on the Price of Building Land, Report to the Minister for Local Government (Dublin , 1974), 1, 3, 9, 23–24, 35–42, 61.

  42. 42.

    Labour Party Housing Commission, Housing: A New Approach (Dublin , 1999), 9; Dáil Eireann Debate 2000, vol. 521, no. 1: Private Members’ Business—Housing Policy: Motion, Eamon Gilmore , 13 June 2000; and The All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution, Ninth Progress Report: Private Property (Dublin , 2004), 39–40, 137, 142–144.

  43. 43.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 571, no. 4: Private Members’ Business—Planning and Development (Acquisition of Development Land) (Assessment of Compensation) Bill 2003: Second Stage, Eamon Gilmore and Martin Cullen , 7 October 2003; The All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution, Ninth Progress Report: Private Property (2004), 39; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 572, no. 1: Questions—Constitutional Amendments, Bertie Ahern , 8 October 2003; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 572, no. 5: Other Questions—House Prices, Noel Ahern , 16 October 2003; and Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (Ireland), Annual Housing Statistics Bulletin 2006 (Dublin , 2007), 44.

  44. 44.

    Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 586, no. 6: Priority Questions—Building Lands, Martin Cullen , 2 June 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 586, no. 6: Leaders’ Questions, Mary Harney , 29 June 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 589, no. 2: Other Questions—House Prices, Dick Roche , 30 September 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 595, no. 1: Other Questions—House Prices, Noel Ahern , 9 December 2004; and Dáil Eireann Debate 200, vol. 597, no. 3: Other Questions—Housing Policy, Noel Ahern , 9 December 2005.

  45. 45.

    The All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution, Ninth Progress Report: Private Property (2004), 17, A5–6.

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    Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 572, no. 1: Questions—Constitutional Amendments, Bertie Ahern , 8 October 2003; Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 571, no. 4: Private Members’ Business—Planning and Development (Acquisition of Development Land) (Assessment of Compensation) Bill 2003: Second Stage, Eamon Gilmore and Martin Cullen , 7 October 2003; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 586, no. 2: Private Members’ Business—Housing Provisions: Motion, Liz McManus , 25 May 2004; Dáil Eireann Debate 2004, vol. 586, no. 3: Private Members’ Business—Housing Provisions: Motion (Resumed), Pat Rabbitte , 26 May 2004; and Data from Eurostat. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Accessed 15 October 2015.

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    Mark O’Brien , ‘The Irish Press, Politicians, and the Celtic Tiger Economy’ in Shane Schifferes and Richard Roberts, The Media and Financial Crises: Comparative and Historical Perspectives (2014), 81.

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    Dáil Eireann Debate 2003, vol. 560, no. 3, Other Questions—House Prices, Martin Cullen , 4 February 2003.

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    Ciarán Michael Casey

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Casey, C.M. (2018). Politics. In: Policy Failures and the Irish Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90182-4_7

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