Abstract
The chapter analyses to what extent a prime minister can shape public debate as an opinion leader and contribute to his position as a predominant prime minister. In order to do so it is helpful to analyse (a) his public statements on an issue and (b) their coverage by the media. In this chapter this is done by taking a single example for each of the four prime ministers with reference to a specific European monetary policy event or initiative.
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Notes
- 1.
The Internet is not addressed here as it only from the 1990s became an increasingly used source of political information. Moreover, a study from 2007 found that even then only around 10% of British people with Internet access used it to gather political information (Gavin 2007: 5).
- 2.
In the case of the Independent and the Daily Mail (for the Blair case study) the Sunday editions (Independent on Sunday and Mail on Sunday) were researched as well, as they are included in the Nexis database.
- 3.
The following keywords were used: Callaghan: ‘Callaghan and Brussels’, ‘Callaghan and EMS’, ‘Callaghan and Europe’, ‘European and Summit’ and ‘Prime Minister and Europe’. Keywords Thatcher: ‘Delors Report’, ‘ERM’, ‘Madrid Summit’, ‘Thatcher and EMS’, ‘Thatcher and EMU’, ‘Thatcher and Madrid’. Keywords Major: ‘European Council’, ‘Major and EMU’, ‘Major and Maastricht’, ‘Major and Single Currency’, ‘opt out’. Keywords Blair: ‘EMU and Blair’, ‘Euro and Blair’, ‘National Changeover Plan’ and ‘Single Currency’.
- 4.
Newspaper reports on the perspectives of other actors such as EC member states, European institutions or the domestic opposition with regard to the prime ministerial statements or the events/initiatives in question were not included in the analysis. Press reports only mentioning the issue of the case studies but focusing on different topics were also excluded.
- 5.
A European Council meeting in Blair’s case would have been preferable for better comparability of the cases. But as the government in 1997 announced that the UK would not yet join the euro (which it confirmed in 2003), there were no European Council’s between 1997 and 2007 at which questions of European monetary policy were discussed which were relevant to the UK to the same degree as was the case at the summits selected for the other three case studies.
- 6.
Other articles in the published time period not considered here covered the position of other member states and Labour party committees on EMS/ERM and technical questions on the EMS without reference to the government’s stance on the issue.
- 7.
Financial Times (1978), Why we should join the EMS, 1 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 8.
Financial Times (1978), On the Road to EMS, 27 November 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 9.
Financial Times (1978), On the Road to EMS, 27 November 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 10.
Financial Times (1978), A divided Europe, 7 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 11.
Brittan, S. (1978), The architects of a two-tier Europe, Financial Times, 7 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 12.
Rutherford, M. (1978), A time of uncertainty, Financial Times, 8 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 13.
Financial Times (1978), Italy decides to join the EMS, 13 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 14.
Financial Times (1978), Italy decides to join the EMS, 13 December 1978. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 15.
Further articles published in the time period not covered here addressed the position on the EMS by e.g. the British chambers of commerce or the parliamentary budget committee.
- 16.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here addressed Thatcher’s EMS stance and that of Labour party bodies, e.g. the Labour executive’s international and home policy committees.
- 17.
Another article published in the time period not included here considered the EMS view by opposition politician Enoch Powell.
- 18.
Apart from the Delors report on EMU, the summit also discussed the plan to give the European Community a social dimension. This analysis only covers EMU.
- 19.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here covered the issues discussed at the summit from the perspective of the other European states, other British politicians, industry and academia.
- 20.
Financial Times (1989), Isolation in Madrid, 23 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 21.
Financial Times (1989), Isolation in Madrid, 23 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 22.
Financial Times (1989), Isolation in Madrid, 23 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 23.
Financial Times (1989), Spain enters the ERM, 19 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 24.
Financial Times (1989), Isolation in Madrid, 23 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 25.
Stephens, P. (1989), Thatcher ceases to thump the table over monetary union, Financial Times. 27 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 26.
Financial Times (1989), Compromise in Madrid, 28 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 27.
Davidson, I. (1989), Clear path for European Community emerges through the fog, Financial Times, 29 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 28.
Davidson, I. (1989), Clear path for European Community emerges through the fog, Financial Times, 29 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 29.
Stephens, P. (1989), Thatcher pledges to counter Delors plan, Financial Times, 30 June 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 30.
Financial Times (1989), Mrs Thatcher and the Emu, 1 July 1989. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 31.
Financial Times (1989), EC legal limits on British sovereignty, 3 July 1989.
- 32.
Further articles published in the analysed time period not considered here, covered the topics of the summit from the perspective of the other European states, the European Commission, other British politicians and companies. At the beginning of the time period the paper also addressed the outcome of the European elections.
- 33.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here dealt with the Conservative’s results at the European election and with the position of the other member states, business associations and the opposition on the topics of the summit. There were also a few overview articles marginally covering the Madrid summit.
- 34.
Further articles published in the analysed time period not considered here dealt with the bad European election outcome for the Conservatives and with the stance of the opposition and other European actors on the summit’s topics.
- 35.
Further articles published in that time period not considered here dealt with the position of others on the issues like Commission President Delors and the discussion of a social dimension of the EC.
- 36.
In the following analysis his statement on the treaty and the press coverage 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the summit are studied focusing on EMU.
- 37.
Further articles published in the analysed time period not considered here covered the negotiations on European social policy, the views of the other EC countries and the opposition on EMU and Major’s negotiating style in general.
- 38.
Mauthner, R. (1991), The persistent odd man out, Financial Times, 4 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 39.
Davidson, I. (1991), New era for EC family, Financial Times, 3 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 40.
Mauthner, R. (1991), The persistent odd man out, Financial Times, 4 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 41.
Brittan, S. (1991), A victory, but not quite a triumph, Financial Times, 12 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 42.
Brittan, S. (1991), A victory, but not quite a triumph, Financial Times, 12 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 43.
Davidson, I. (1991), Hollow victory for Britain as it launches two-tier Europe, Financial Times, 12 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 44.
Davidson, I. (1991), Hollow victory for Britain as it launches two-tier Europe, Financial Times, 12 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 45.
Brittan, S. (1991), A victory, but not quite a triumph, Financial Times, 12 December 1991. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 46.
Further articles published in the analysed time period not considered here very marginally related to the negotiations or reported on other topics of the treaty e.g. social policy. The views of the opposition, other EC members and the British public on the issues were addressed, too.
- 47.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here dealt with the Social Chapter and other issues of the treaty. They also covered the negotiation stance of other EC member states, the interpretation of opinion poll data concerning the government’s European policy and the role of the Foreign Office in European policy.
- 48.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here were on the Social Chapter discussions and the negotiating position of other European politicians or other heads of government and state. It also referred to public opinion polls on Major and his performance and Thatcher’s view of the negotiation results.
- 49.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here covered the discussion on European social policy, the British industry’s stance on EMU and Thatcher’s view of the negotiation outcome.
- 50.
Additional reports published in the analysed time period not considered here addressed technical questions on the use of the euro by departments and industry. There were also articles on the views of the opposition, European institutions, lobby groups and specific branches of industry and reports on opinion polling on the question of euro membership, which were not addressed here.
- 51.
Financial Times (1999), On euro tiptoe, 22 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 52.
Peston, R. (1999), Pressure over the euro may force Blair off the fence, Financial Times, 11 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 53.
Peston, R. (1999), Blair will unveil UK route to EMU entry, Financial Times, 23 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 54.
Peston, R. (1999), Blair will unveil UK route to EMU entry, Financial Times, 23 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 55.
Peston, R. & Brown, K. (1999), Blair lays groundwork for euro changeover, Financial Times, 24 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 56.
Financial Times (1999), Mr. Blair nails his euro to the mast, 24 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 57.
Stephens, P. (1999), Liberated by Europe, Financial Times, 26 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 58.
Financial Times (1999), Mr. Blair nails his euro to the mast, 24 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 59.
Financial Times (1999), Unileverage, 24 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 60.
Stephens, P. (1999), Liberated by Europe, Financial Times, 26 February 1999. Used under licence from the Financial Times. All Rights Reserved.
- 61.
Further articles in the time period not covered here addressed public opinion on euro membership and the opposition’s stance on it (inside parliament and outside in the form of anti-euro groups).
- 62.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here covered the position of anti-euro-groups, the opposition and assessments of the plan by industry representatives and reports on the views of other media outlets.
- 63.
Further articles published in the time period not considered here covered the views of anti-euro-groups and the opposition. Others dealt with the state of the euro which had been introduced that year.
- 64.
Further articles published in the analysed time period not considered here related to the position of the opposition, business, anti-euro-groups and citizens on euro membership.
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Bujard, B. (2019). Prime Ministerial Political Communication and Media Management in European Monetary Policy. In: The British Prime Minister in the Core Executive. Contributions to Political Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89953-4_10
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