Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Finite Element Head Modelling and Head Injury Predictors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Head Injury Simulation in Road Traffic Accidents

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology ((BRIEFSAPPLSCIENCES))

Abstract

This chapter presents a state-of-the-art review on finite element head modelling. In addition, it also includes a review about the parameters used as head injury criteria with finite element head models as well as their respective thresholds. The head injury criteria and the thresholds here summarised are the result of a great number publications available in the literature. These are the output from experimental and numerical research works. The injury thresholds presented in the latter were generally obtained through accident reconstructions with finite element head models. An overview of their evolution over the last decades and an assessment of the more complex ones are also presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • N. Andaluz, Traumatic brain injury. Mayfield Clinic (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Aare, Prevention of head injuries focusing specifically on oblique impacts. Doctoral thesis, Technical Report 2003-26, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Aare, S. Kleiven, P. Halldin, Injury criteria for oblique helmet impacts, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Lisbon (Portugal) (2003), pp. 349–350

    Google Scholar 

  • S.H. Advani, W. Powell, J. Huston, S.J. Ojala, Human head impact response—experimental data and analytical simulations, in Proceedings of IRCOBI, Birmingham (1975), pp. 153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Advani, A. Ommaya, W. Yang, Head injury mechanisms, in Human Body Dynamics, ed. by D.N. Ghista (Oxford University Press, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Aiello, U. Galvanetto, L. Iannucci, Numerical simulations of motorcycle helmet impact tests. Int. J. Crashworthiness 12, 1–7 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.S. Al-Bsharat, W.N. Hardy, K.H. Yang, T.B. Khalil, S. Tashman, A.I. King, Brain/skull relative displacement magnitude due to blunt head imapact: new experimental data and model, in Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference (1999), pp. 321–332, Paper No. 99SC22

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Allsop, C. Warner, M. Wille, D. Schneider, A. Nahum, Facial impact response—a comparison of the Hybrid III dummy and the human cadaver, in Proceeding of 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 881719, Atlanta (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Allsop, T. Perl, C. Warner, Force/deflection and fracture characteristics of the temporo-parietal of the human head, in Proceedings of 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 912907, San Diego (1991), pp. 139–155

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Anderson, A study of the biomechanics of axonal injury. Ph.D. thesis, University of Adelaide, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • B.C. Bain, D.F. Meaney, Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J. Biomech. Eng. 122(6), 615–622 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Bandak, On the mechanics of impact neurotrauma: a review and critical synthesis. J. Neurotrauma 12(4), 635–649 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Bandak, Biomechanics of impact traumatic brain injury, in Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection, ed. by J.A.C. Ambrosio, M.F.O. Seabra Pereira, P.F. Silva (Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1997a), pp. 53–93

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Bandak, Impact traumatic brain injury: a mechanical perspective, in Neurotraumatology-Biomechanic Aspects, Cytologic and Molecular Mechanisms, ed. by M. Oehmichen, H.G. König (Lübeck, Schmidt-Römhild, 1997b), pp. 59–83

    Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Bandak, R.H Eppinger, A three-dimensional FE analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations, in Proceedings of 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers (1994), pp. 145–163

    Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Bandak, A.X. Zhang, R.E. Tannous, F. DiMasi, P. Masiello, R. Eppinger, SIMon: a simulated injury monitor: application to head injury assessment, in Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Baumgartner, Mécanismes de lésion et limites de tolérance au choc de la tëte humaine-Reconstruction numérique et expérimentale de traumatismes créniens. Ph.D. Dissertation, Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Baumgartner, R. Willinger, N. Shewchenko, M. Beusenberg, Tolerance limits for mild traumatic brain injury derived from numerical head impact replication, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Isle of Man, UK (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Belingardi, G. Chiandussi, I. Gaviglio, Development and Validation of a New Finite Element Model of Human Head, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Italy, Paper Number 05-0441 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.W. Brands, P.H. Bovendeerd, J.S.H.M. Wismans, On the potential importance of non-linear viscoelastic material modelling for numerical prediction of brain tissue response, in Proceedings 46th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE paper vol 2002-22-0006 (2002), pp. 103–121

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Canaple, G. Rungen, E. Markiewicz, P. Drazetic, J. Happian-Smith, B. Chinn, D. Cesari, Impact model development for the reconstruction of current motorcycle accidents. Int. J. Crashworthiness 7(3), 307–320 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Canaple, G. Rungen, P. Drazetic, E. Markiewicz, D. Cesari, Towards a finite element head model used as a head injury predictive tool. Int. J. Crashworthiness 8(1), 41–52 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Cardamone. Analisi numerica del trauma cranico da impatto. Technical Report (Bioengineering Laboratory, University of Salerno, Italy, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Chafi, G. Karami, M. Ziejewski, Biomechanical assessment of brain dynamic responses due to blast pressure waves. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38(2), 490–504 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Claessens, F. Sauren, J. Wismans, Modeling of the human head under impact conditions: a parametric study. SAE Transactions Paper No. 973338 (1997), pp. 3829–3848

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J.H. Cloots, H.M.T. Gervaise, J.A.W. van Dommelen, M.G.D. Geers, Biomechanics of traumatic brain injury: influences of the morphologic heterogeneities of the cerebral cortex. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 36(7), 1203–1215 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.J.H. Cloots, J.A.W. van Dommelen, S. Kleiven, M.G.D. Geers, Traumatic brain injury at multiple length scales: relating diffuse axonal injury to discrete axonal impairment, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Hanover, Germany (2010), pp .119–130

    Google Scholar 

  • COST327, (2001) Motorcycle safety helmets. Final report of the action, European Communities, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • K.K. Darvish, J.R. Crandall, Influence of brain material properties and boundary conditions on brain response during dynamic loading, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Munich, Germany (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Deck, R. Willinger, Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model. Int. J. Crashworthiness 13(6), 667–679 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Deck, R. Willinger, Head injury prediction tool for predictive systems optimization, in Proceedings of 7th European LS-DYNA Conference (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Deck, B. Baumgartner, R. Willinger, Helmet optimisation on head-helmet modelling. Struct. Mater. 13, 319–328 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. DiMasi, J. Marcus, R. Eppinger, Three dimensional anatomic brain model for relating cortical strains to automobile crash loading, in Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, NHTSA, Washington, vol. 2 (1991), pp. 617–627

    Google Scholar 

  • F. DiMasi, R.H. Eppinger, F.A. Bandak, Computational analysis of head impact response under car crash loadings, in Proceedings of 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 952718, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA (1995), pp. 425–438

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Dirisala, G. Karami, M. Ziejewski, Effects of neck damping properties on brain response under impact loading. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng. 28(4), 472–494 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Dokko, R.W.G. Anderson, J. Manavis, P.C. Blumbergs, A.J. McLean, L. Zhang, K.H. Yang, A.I. King, Validation of the human head FE model against pedestrian accidents and its tentative application to the examination of the existing tolerance curve, in Proceedings of 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, ESV, Nagoya, Japan (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Doorly, M.D. Gilchrist, The use of accident reconstruction for the analysis of traumatic brain injury due to head impacts arising from falls. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 9(6), 371–377 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Finite element analysis of helmeted oblique impacts and head injury evaluation with a commercial road helmet. Struct. Eng. Mech. 48(5), 661–679 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Head injury predictors in sports trauma—A state-of-the-art review. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H: J. Eng. Med. 229(8), 592–608 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, W. Willinger, C. Deck, Finite element analysis of helmeted impacts and head injury evaluation with a commercial road helmet, in IRCOBI Conference Proceedings—International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, Gothenburg, Sweden (2013), pp. 431–442, September

    Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, R.T. Jardin, A.B. Pereira, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Comparing the mechanical performance of synthetic and natural cellular materials. Mater. Des. 82, 335–341 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, J.P. Tavares, R.J. Alves de Sousa, A.B. Pereira, J.P. Esteves, Manufacturing and testing composites based on natural materials. Procedia Manuf. 13, 227–234 (2017a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.A.O. Fernandes, D.F. Oliveira, A.B. Pereira, Optimal parameters for laser welding of advanced high-strength steels used in the automotive industry. Procedia Manuf. 13, 219–226 (2017b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Franklyn, B. Fildes, R. Dwarampudi, L. Zhang, K. Yang, L. Sparke, R. Eppinger, Analysis of computer models for head injury investigation, in Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety Vehicles (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Gilchrist, D. O’Donoghue, Simulation of the development of frontal head impact injury. Comput. Mech. 26, 229–235 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Giordano, R.J.H. Cloots, J.A.W. van Dommelen, S. Kleiven, The influence of anisotropy on brain injury prediction. J. Biomech. 47, 1052–1059 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.S. Gurdjian, H.R. Lissner, V.R. Hodgson et al., Mechanisms of head injury. Clin. Neurosurg. 12, 112–128 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.N. Hardy, C.D. Foster, M.J. Mason, K.H. King, A.I. King, S. Tashman, Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar X-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 45, 337–368 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Hartmann, F. Kruggel, Trasient analysis of the biomechanics of the human head with a high-resolution 3D finite element model. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2(1), 49–64 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Ho, S. Kleiven, Dynamic response of the brain with vasculature: a three-dimensional computational study. J. Biomech. 40, 3006–3012 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Ho, S. Kleiven, Can sulci protect the brain from traumatic injury? J. Biomech. 42, 2074–2080 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Ho, H. von Holst, S. Kleiven, Automatic generation and validation of patient-specific finite element head models suitable for crashworthiness analysis. Int. J. Crashworthiness 14(6), 555–563 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V.R. Hodgson, L.M. Thomas, Breaking strength of the human skull versus impact surface curvature. Report, Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, V R., Brinn, J., Thomas, L.M., Greenberg, S.W., 1970. Fracture Behavior of the Skull Frontal Bone Against Cylindrical Surfaces. Proceedings of 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE International, Warrendale, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Horgan, M.D. Gilchrist, The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics. Int. J. Crashworthiness 8(4), 353–366 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Horgan, M.D. Gilchrist, Influence of FE model variability in predicting brain motion and intracranial pressure changes in head impact simulations. Int. J. Crashworthiness 9(4), 401–418 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.R. Hosey, Y.K. Liu, A homeomorphic finite element model of the human head and neck, in Finite Elements in Biomechanics, chapter 18, ed. by B.R. Simon, R.H. Gallagher, P.C. Johnson, J.F. Gross (Wiley, France, 1982), pp. 379–401

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hrapko, J.A.W. van Dommelen, G.W.M. Peters, J.S.H.M. Wismans, The influence of test conditions on characterization of the mechanical properties of brain tissue. J. Biomech. Eng. 130(3), 663–676 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hume, N.J. Mills, A. Gilchrist, Industrial head injuries and the performance of the helmets, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Brunnen, Switzerland (1995), pp. 217–231

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Ipek, C. Mayer, C. Deck, H. Luce, P. de Gueselle, R. Willinger, Coupling of Strasbourg University head model to thums human body FE model: validation and application to automotive safety. Paper number 09–0384 (2009), pp. 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Iwamoto, Recent Advances in THUMS: development of the detailed head-neck and internal organs, and THUMS family. LS-DYNA & JMAG User Conference, Japan (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Iwamoto, K. Yoshikatsu, I. Watanabe, K. Furusu, K. Miki, J. Hasegawa, Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (thums) and application to injury reconstruction, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Munich, Germany (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Iwamoto, Y. Nakahira, A. Tamura, H. Kimpara, I. Watanabe, K. Miki, Development of advanced human models in thums. 6th European LS-DYNA Users Conference (2007), pp. 47–56

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Kang, R. Willinger, B.M. Diaw, B. Chinn, Validation of a 3D anatomic human head model and replication of head impact in motorcycle accident by finite element modelling. SAE Transactions Paper No. 973339 (1997), pp. 849–858

    Google Scholar 

  • T.B. Khalil, R.P. Hubbard, Parametric study of head response by finite element modelling. J. Biomech. 10, 119–132 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.B. Khalil, D.C. Viano, Critical issues in finite element modelling of head impact, in Proceedings of 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE paper, vol. 821150 (1982), pp. 87–102

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Kim, Y.H. Kim, Z. Li, A.W. Eberhardt, B.K. Soni, Evaluation of traumatic brain injury using multi-body and finite element models, in 17th IMACS World Congress, Scientific Computation, Applied Mathematics and Simulation, Paris, France (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Kimpara, Y. Nakahira, M. Iwamoto, K. Miki, K. Ichihara, T. Kawano Taguchi, Investigation of anteroposterior head-neck responses during severe frontal impacts using a brain-spinal cord complex FE model, in Proceedings 50th Stapp Car Crash Conference (2006), pp. 509–544

    Google Scholar 

  • A. King, K. Yang, L. Zhang, W. Hardy, D. Viano, Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Lisbon (2003), pp. 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, Finite element modeling of the human head. Doctoral thesis, Technical Report, School of Technology an Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, Biomechanics as a forensic science tool—Reconstruction of a traumatic head injury using the finite element method. Scand. J. Forensic Sci. 2, 73–78 (2006a)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, Evaluation of head injury criteria using an FE model validated against experiments on localized brain motion, intra-cerebral acceleration, and intra-cranial pressure. Int. J. Crashworthiness 11(1), 65–79 (2006b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, Head Injury Biomechanics and Criteria. Biomechanics and Neuronics, course literature, KTH (2007a)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions, in Proceedings of the 51st Stapp Car Crash Conference (2007b), pp. 81–114

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, W.N. Hardy, Correlation of an FE model of the human head with experiments on localized motion of the brain: consequences for injury prediction, in Proceedings 45th Stapp Car Crash J. Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 02S-76 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, H. von Holst, Consequences of brain size following impact in prediction of subdural hematoma evaluated with numerical techniques, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Isle of Man, UK (2001), pp. 161–172

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kleiven, H. von Holst, Consequences of head size following trauma to the human head. J. Biomech. 35(2), 153–160 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Krabbel, R. Müller, Development of a finite element model of the head using the visible human data, in Abstracts of the Visible Human Project Conference, Bethesda (1996), pp. 71–72

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Lauret, M. Hrapko, J.A.W. van Dommelen, G.W.M. Peters, J.S.H.M. Wismans, Optical characterization of acceleration-induced strain fields in inhomogeneous brain slices. Med. Eng. Phys. 31, 392–399 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Lee, R.C. Haut, Insensitivity of tensile failure properties of human bridging veins to strain rate: Implications in biomechanics of subdural hematoma. J. Biomech. 22, 537–542 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X. Li, H. von Holst, S. Kleiven, Influence of gravity for optimal head positions in the treatment of head injury patients. Acta Neurochir. 153, 2057–2064 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.S. Liu, C.M. Fan, Applied pressure tolerance to evaluate motorcycle helmet design, in Proceedings of International Crashworthiness Conference, Dearborn, Michigan, USA (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Löwenhielm, Strain tolerance of the Vv. Cerebri Sup. (bridging veins) calculated from head-on collision tests with cadavers. Z. fur Rechtsmed. 75(2), 131–144 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Mao, L. Zhang, B. Jiang et al., Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases. J. Biomech. Eng. 135, 111002–15 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Margulies, L.E. Thibault, A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J. Biomech. 25(8), 917–923 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Marjoux, D. Baumgartner, C. Deck, R. Willinger, Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40(3), 1135–1148 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. McAllister, J.C. Ford, S. Ji, J.G. Beckwith, L.A. Flashman, K. Paulsen, R.M. Greenwald, Maximum principal strain and strain rate associated with concussion diagnosis correlates with changes in corpus callosum white matter indices. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(1), 127–140 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. McElhaney, J.H. Fogle, J.W. Melvin, R.R. Haynes, V.L. Roberts, N.B. Alem, Mechanical properties of cranial bone. J. Biomech. 3, 495–511 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. McKinlay, A. Bishop, T. McLellan, Public knowledge of “concussion” and the different terminology used to communicate about mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 25, 761–766 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. McLean, Brain injury without head impact? J. Neurotrauma 12, 621–625 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Melvin, J.H. McElhaney, V.L. Roberts, Development of a mechanical model of the human head—determination of tissue properties and synthetic substitute materials, in Proceedings of 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 700903 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Mendis, Finite element modelling of the brain to establish diffuse axonal injury criteria. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • R.T. Miller, S.S. Margulies, M. Leoni, M. Nonaka, X.H. Chen, D.H. Smith, D.F. Meaney, Finite element modeling approaches for predicting injury in an experimental model of severe diffuse axonal injury, in Proceedings of 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper 983154 (1998), pp. 155–166

    Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Monea, G. Van der Perre, K. Baeck, H. Delye, P. Verschueren, E. Forausebergher, C. Van Lierdem, I. Verpoestm, J.V. Slotenm, J. Goffin, B. Depreitere, The relation between mechanical impact parameters and most frequent bicycle related head injuries. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 33, 3–15 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Monson, W. Goldsmith, N.M. Barbaro, G.T. Manley, Axial mechanical properties of fresh human cerebral blood vessels. J. Biomech. Eng. 125(2), 288–294 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Morrison III, H.L. Cater, C.C.B. Wang, F.C. Thomas, C.T. Hung, G.A. Ateshian, L.E. Sundström, A tissue level tolerance criterion for living brain developed in an in vitro model of traumatic mechanical loading, in Proceedings of 47th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper No. 2003-22-0006 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Motherway, M.C. Doorly, M. Curtis, M.D. Gilchrist, Head impact biomechanics simulations: a forensic tool for reconstructing head injury? Leg. Med. 11, S220–S222 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Nahum, J. Gatts, C. Gadd, J. Danforth, Impact tolerance of the skull and face, in Proceedings of 12nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 680785, Detroit (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Nahum, R. Smith, C.C. Ward, Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact, in Proceeding of 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference (1977), pp. 339–366

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Nakadate, Y. Fukumura, Y. Kaneko, A. Kakuta, H. Furukawa, S. Aomura, In vitro uniaxial stretch model for evaluating the effect of strain along axon on damage to neurons. J. Biomech. Sci. Eng. 9(3), 14–36 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Nicolle, M. Lounis, R. Willinger, Shear properties of brain tissue over a frequency range relevant for automotive impact situations: new experimental results. Stapp Car Crash J. 48, 239–258 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Ommaya, R.L. Grubb, R.A. Naumann, Coup and contrecoup injury: observations on the mechanics of visible brain injuries in the rhesus monkey. J. Neurosurg. 35, 503–516 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Patton, A.S. McIntosh, S. Kleiven, The biomechanical determinants of concussion: finite element simulations to investigate brain tissue deformations during sporting impacts to the unprotected head. J. Appl. Biomech. 29, 721–730 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ptak, P. Kaczynski, F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Assessing impact velocity and temperature effects on crashworthiness properties of cork material. Int. J. Impact Eng. 106, 238–248 (2017a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ptak, P. Kaczynski, F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Computer simulations for head injuries verification after impact, in Proceedings of the 13th International Scientific Conference. RESRB 2016, ed. by E. Rusinsk, D. Pietrusiak. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (Springer, Cham, 2017b)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Raul, D. Baumgartner, R. Willinger, B. Ludes, Finite element modelling of human head injuries caused by a fall. Int. J. Legal Med. 120, 212–218 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Raul, C. Deck, R. Willinger, B. Ludes, Finite-element models of the human head and their applications in forensic practice. Int. J. Leg. Med. 122, 359–366 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.H. Robbins, J.L. Wood, Determination of mechanical properties of the bones of the skull. Exp. Mech. 9(5), 236–240 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Ruan, T. Khalil, A.I. King, Human head dynamic response to side impact by finite element modeling. J. Biomech. Eng. 113(3), 276–283 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Ruan, T.B. Khalil, A.I. King, Finite Element modeling of direct head impact, in Proceedings of 37th Stapp Car Conference, SAE Paper No.933114 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Sahoo, C. Deck, N. Yoganandan, R. Willinger, Anisotropic omposite human skull model and skull fracture validation against temporo-parietal skull fracture. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 28, 340–353 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Sahoo, C. Deck, R. Willinger, Development and validation of an advanced anisotropic visco-hyperelastic human brain FE model. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 33, 24–42 (2014a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Sahoo, C. Deck, R. Willinger, Composite FE human skull model validation and development of skull fracture criteria, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Berlin (2014b), pp. 106–118

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Sahoo, C. Deck, R. Willinger, Brain injury tolerance limit based on computation of axonal strain. Accid. Anal. Prev. 92, 53–70 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Sahoo, C. Deck, N. Yoganandan, R. Willinger, Development of skull fracture criterion based on real-world head trauma simulations using finite element head model. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 57, 24–41 (2016b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Schneider, A. Nahum, Impact studies of facial bones and skull, in Proceeding of 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 720965, Detroit (1972), pp. 186–203

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Schwartz, B. Guleyupoglu, B. Koya, J.D. Stitzel, F.S. Gayzik, Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model. Traffic Inj. Prev. 16(sup1), S49–S56 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.I. Shreiber, A.C. Bain, D.F. Meaney, In vivo thresholds for mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier, SAE Paper No. 973335., in Proceedings of 41th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers (1997), pp. 177–190

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Shugar, A finite element head injury model. Report DOT HS 289-3-550-TA (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Shugar, M.C. Katona, Development of finite element head injury model. J. Struct. Eng. 101, 223–239 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Singh, Y. Lu, C. Chen, S. KallaKuri, J.M. Cavanaugh, A new model of Traumatic Injury to determine the effect of strain and displacement rates. Stapp Car Crash J. 50, 601–23 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.H. Smith, D.F. Meaney, W.H. Shull, Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 18, 307–316 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Suh, S.H. Kim, S.Y. Oh, Analysis of traumatic brain injury using a finite element model. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 19(7), 1424–1431 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G.E. Takhounts, R.H. Eppinger, J.Q. Campbell, E.R. Tannous, E.D. Power, L.S. Shook, On the development of the SIMon finite element head model human. Stapp Car Crash J. 47, 107–133 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.G. Takhounts, S.A. Ridella, V. Hasija, R.E. Tannous, J.Q. Campbell, D. Malone, K. Danelson, J. Stitzel, S. Rowson, S. Duma, Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of simulated injury monitor (SIMon) finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 52, 1–31 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Tchepel, F.A.O. Fernandes, R.J. Alves de Sousa, Forensic biomechanics: new perspectives and challenges, in What are Forensic Sciences? Concepts, Scope and Future Perspectives, ed. by Pactor (2016), pp. 35–42, ISBN 978-989-693-058-5

    Google Scholar 

  • V.A. Thamburaj. Textbook of Contemporary Neurosurgery (Jaypee Bros, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • L.E. Thibault, Brain injury from the macro to the micro level and back again: what have we learned to date? in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (1993), pp. 3–25

    Google Scholar 

  • L.E. Thibault, T.A. Gennarelli, S.S. Margulies, J. Marcus, R. Eppinger, The strain dependant pathophysiological consequences of inertial loading on central nervous system tissue, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference (1990), pp. 191–202

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Trosseille, C. Tarriére, F. Lavaste, F. Guillon, Development of a FEM of the human head according to specific test protocol, in Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference (1992), pp. 235–253

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Tse, S. Lim, V. Tan, H. Lee, A review of head injury and finite element head models. Am. J. Eng. Technol. Soc. 1(5), 28–52 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Turquier, H. Kang, X. Trosseille, R. Willinger, F. Lavaste, C. Tarriere, A. Domont, Validation study of a 3D finite element head model against experimental data. SAE Transactions Paper No. 962431 (1996), pp. 1912–1923

    Google Scholar 

  • H.L.A. van den Bosch, Crash helmet testing and design specifications. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Vezin, J.P. Verriest, Evaluation of the simulated response of the human brain subjected to different accelerations during a frontal impact, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Graz, Austria (2004), pp. 319–320

    Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Viano, P. Lövsund, Biomechanics of brain and spinal-cord injury: analysis of neuropathologic and neurophysiologic experiments. J. Crash Prev. Inj. Control 1, 35–43 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Viano, I.R. Casson, E.J. Pellman, L. Zhang, K.H. Yang, A.I. King, Concussion in professional football: brain responses by finite element analysis - Part 9. Neurosurgery 57, 891–916 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Voo, F.A. Pintar, N. Yoganandan, A. Sances, C.L. Ewing, D.J. Thomas, R.G. Synder, Biomechanical analysis of tractor-induced head injury. SAE Transaction Paper no. 941725, Warrendale (1994), pp. 178–183

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Ward, M. Chan, Rotation generated shear strains in the brain, in Proceedings of 8th annual International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research, Troy, MI, USA (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Ward, R.B. Thompson, The development of a detailed finite element brain model, in Proceedings of 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper, vol. 751163 (New York, 1975), pp. 641–674

    Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Ward, M. Chan, A.M. Nahum, Intracranial pressure: a brain injury criterion, in Proceedings of 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 801304 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, D. Baumgartner, Human head tolerance limits to specific injury mechanisms. Int. J. Crashworthiness 8(6), 605–617 (2003a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, D. Baumgartner, Numerical and physical modelling of the human head under impact: towards new injury criteria. Int. J. Veh. Des. 32(1–2), 94–115 (2003b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, H.S. Kang, B.M. Diaw, Développement et validation d’un modéle mècanique de la tête humaine (Development and validation of a human head mechanical model). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences-Series IIB-Mechanics-Physics-Astronomy 327(1), 125–131 (1999a)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, H.S. Kang, B.M. Diaw, Three-dimensional human head finite-element model validation against two experimental impacts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 27(3), 403–410 (1999b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, D. Baumgartner, B. Chinn, M. Neale, Head tolerance limits derived from numerical replication of real world accidents, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Isle of Man, UK (2000a), pp. 209–222

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, D. Baumgartner, T. Guimberteau, Dynamic characterization of motorcycle helmets: modelling and coupling with the human head. J. Sound Vib. 235, 611–625 (2000b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Willinger, B.M. Diaw, H.S. Kang, Finite element modeling of skull fractures caused by direct impact. Int. J. Crashworthiness 5(3), 249–258 (2000c)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Wright, K.T. Ramesh, An axonal strain injury criterion for traumatic brain injury. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 11, 245–260 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Yan, O.D. Pangestu, A modified human head model for the study of impact head injury. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 14(12), 1049–1057 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Yang, Investigation of brain trauma biomechanics in vehicle traffic accidents using human body computational models, in Computational Biomechanics for Medicine: Soft Tissues and the Musculoskeletal System, ed. by A. Wittek et al. (Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • J. Yao, J. Yang, J. Otte, Investigation of brain injuries by reconstructions of real world adult pedestrian accidents, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Madrid, Spain (2006), pp. 241–252

    Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Yao, J.K. Yang, D. Otte, Investigation of head injuries by reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian accidents. Saf. Sci. 46(7), 1103–1114 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Yoganandan, A. Sances, F.A. Pintar, P.R. Walsh, C.L. Ewing, D.J. Thomas, R.G. Snyder, J. Reinartz, K. Droese, Biomechanical tolerance of the cranium. SAE Transactions Paper No. 94172, Warrendale (1994), pp. 184–188

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Yoganandan, F.A. Pintar, A. Sances, E.R. Walsh, C.L. Ewing, D.J. Thomas, R.G. Snyder, Biomechanics of skull fracture. J. Neurotrauma 12(4), 659–668 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Zhang, K. Yang, R. Dwarampudi, K. Omori, T. Li, K. Chang, W.N. Hardy, T.B. Khalil, A.I. King, Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation. Stapp Car Crash J. 45, 369–394 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Zhang, K.H. Yang, A.I. King, D.C. Viano, A new biomechanical predictor for mild traumatic brain injury—a preliminary finding, in ASME Bioengineering Conference Proceedings, Florida, USA (2003), pp. 25–29

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Zhang, K. Yang, A. King, A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J. Biomech. Eng. 126(2), 226–236 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Zhang, N. Yoganandan, F.A. Pintar, Y. Guan, T.A. Gennarelli, Biomechanical Differences Between Contact and Non-contact Head Impacts in Vehicle Crash Tests. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States, Paper Number 07-0352 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Zhang, K. Yang, T.A. Gennarelli, Mathematical modeling of cerebral concussion: correlations of regional brain strain with clinical symptoms, in Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Bern, Switzerland (2008), pp. 123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Zhou, T.B. Khalil, A.I. King, A new model comparing impact responses of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous human brain, in Proceedings of 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers (1995), pp. 121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Zhou, T.B. Kahlil, L.J. Dragovic, Head injury assessment of a real world crash by finite element modelling, in Proceedings of the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, AGARD-Conference Proceedings, New Mexico (1996), pp. 81–87

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Ziejewski, G. Karami, W.W. Orrison, E.H. Hanson, Dynamic response of head under vehicle crash loading. Paper 09-0432, in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), NHTSA, Washington DC (2009)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Fábio A. O. Fernandes & Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa

  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

    Mariusz Ptak

Authors
  1. Fábio A. O. Fernandes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mariusz Ptak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fábio A. O. Fernandes .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fernandes, F.A.O., Alves de Sousa, R.J., Ptak, M. (2018). Finite Element Head Modelling and Head Injury Predictors. In: Head Injury Simulation in Road Traffic Accidents. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89926-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89926-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-89925-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89926-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation