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Perimortem Lesions on Human Bones from the Bronze Age Battlefield in the Tollense Valley: An Interdisciplinary Approach

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Prehistoric Warfare and Violence

Abstract

The Tollense Valley extended site (northeast Germany) is the only known battlefield from the European Bronze Age. It has yielded a large number of human remains showing traces of violence, along with animal remains and weapons. The chapter discusses the results of new, interdisciplinary research focusing in particular on the penetrating injuries, which have yielded some of the most important information for reconstructing the Tollense Valley conflict scenario. This chapter aims to demonstrate how specific questions regarding the characteristic features of the injuries, the possible type of weapon, and the direction of the attack can be answered by using non-destructive high-resolution imaging and 3D reconstruction combined with experimental weapon testing. While experimental weapon testing is crucial for providing information concerning the injury patterns and weapon types, it may not offer any clues as to whether the injury originates from a stab or a shot. In order to address this problem, this chapter discusses a method enabling the secure identification of the weapon used in such ambiguous cases. This research allows discrimination between arrow and spearheads and thus between ranged and handheld weapons. This is especially important for the interpretation of the Tollense Valley conflict scenario, for which this study confirms that nonstandardized weapons were utilized on the battlefield.

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Acknowledgements

The research discussed in this paper was carried out within the framework of the interdisciplinary Tollense Valley research project led by the State Authority for Culture and Protection of Monuments, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LAKD M-V), the University of Greifswald, the Lower Saxony State Office for the Preservation of Monuments (NLD), and the University of Hamburg. We thank the Ministry for Culture and Education Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and the German Research Foundation (DFG) for financially supporting the investigations. We also thank Sabine Suhr (LAKD M-V) for the photographs, B. Illerhaus (BAM, 8.5) for generating the micro-CT images, K. Hauenstein (Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Rostock) and J. Piek (Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Clinic, University Hospital Rostock) for generating the clinical CT images, A. Dombrowsky (University of Greifswald, NLD) for the classification of bronze objects, H. Paulsen for the experimental weapon testing, and A. Schramm (LAKD M-V) for supporting the anthropological studies. This project was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P41 GM103545-18. Finally, the authors are grateful to Gundula Lidke (University of Greifswald, NLD) for her proofreading and generous help with the translation.

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Brinker, U., Harten-Buga, H., Staude, A., Jantzen, D., Orschiedt, J. (2018). Perimortem Lesions on Human Bones from the Bronze Age Battlefield in the Tollense Valley: An Interdisciplinary Approach. In: Dolfini, A., Crellin, R., Horn, C., Uckelmann, M. (eds) Prehistoric Warfare and Violence. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78828-9_3

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