Abstract
New Zealand has a unique regulatory regime to sustainably manage its geothermal resources. Public and stakeholder consultation is required in geothermal policy development, and individual geothermal developments require notification to and consultation with these stakeholder groups. In addition to providing brief descriptions of New Zealand’s current geothermal resource uses and development, this paper outlines geothermal regulation and policy with a focus on public opportunities to participate in the development of geothermal resources. Brief case studies show historic failure and lessons learnt in public and stakeholder participation, particularly in relation to New Zealand’s indigenous Maori people. Regulatory management of geothermal resource information and data is also discussed in the context of public participation.
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Notes
- 1.
Other regulatory requirements, such as those that fall under building, and health and safety regulation, are a matter of compliance with existing standards and are not subject to discretionary hearings.
- 2.
Resource Management (Simplifying and Streamlining) Amendment Act 2009; Resource Management Amendment Act 2013; and Resource Legislation Amendment Act 2017.
- 3.
See for example, Geotherm Group Ltd and Others v Waikato Regional Council NZEnvC, Auckland, A047/2006, 13 April 2006.
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Acknowledgements
Phoebe Parson’s contribution to this paper is sourced from research carried out at the Research Centre for Environment, Resources and Energy Law, at Te Piringa—Faculty of Law, University of Waikato, New Zealand. Her research was funded with the support of the Waikato Regional Council (New Zealand), and the International Bar Association Section on Energy, Environment, Natural Resources and Infrastructure Law. Katherine Luketina’s participation in this project was supported by her employer Waikato Regional Council, with able assistance from staff in the provision of Fig. 1.
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Luketina, K., Parson, P. (2019). New Zealand’s Public Participation in Geothermal Resource Development. In: Manzella, A., Allansdottir, A., Pellizzone, A. (eds) Geothermal Energy and Society. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 67. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_13
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