Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Present Role of Hormonal Contraception in Family Planning

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice

Part of the book series: Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians ((REMECL,volume 1))

  • 656 Accesses

Abstract

After some 60 years of ever-increasing utilization, hormonal contraception (HC) has made a major impact in the lives of women worldwide. This chapter discusses the different meaning that family planning has taken today in industrialized and in developing countries, the reason being that in the former fertility is almost always at, or below, replacement level, whereas in the latter—with the notable exception of China—it is still well above it.

Today, HC takes many forms: combined oral contraceptives (COC), long-acting, injectable progestin-only preparations (LAP), the so-called progestin-only minipill, progestin-releasing subcutaneous implants, or intrauterine devices.

COC have evolved both in terms of route of administration (oral, transdermal, vaginal) and of composition, with four generations of progestins being used and now also natural estrogens.

The goal is to offer women the type of method that suits best their needs; adapting technology to individual requirements is the new frontier of family planning and ensures its highest effectiveness. In this respect, proper counseling can substantially lower the proportion of unintended pregnancies, especially with COC.

The different role of HC in the industrialized and developing world stems from the major differences still remaining, especially when dealing with cultural and sexual mores. In Western countries, where every method is easily available, specific care can and therefore must be applied during the various phases of a woman’s life, from adolescence to menopause.

In the developing world, many women cannot avail themselves of the full spectrum of methods. Yet, family planning, through effective contraception, can literally save lives by reducing the number of pregnancies, especially those that are at greater risk for maternal, neonatal, and child survival. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that successful family planning can substantially contribute to decreasing maternal mortality and contribute to the achievement of both the Millennium Development and the Sustainable Development Goals, launched by the United Nations.

In conclusion, today, HC plays an ever-increasing role in family planning especially after the successful introduction of highly effective long-acting methods. These can be used by women of all ages, and in the foreseeable future, their role is bound to increase.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wrangham R, Peterson D. Demonic males: apes and the origin of human violence. London: Mariner Books; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mitchell G. Behavioral sex differences in non-human primates. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  3. de Waal FMB. Tension regulation and non-reproductive functions of sex in captive bonobos (Pan Panicus). Nat Geogr Res. 1987;3:318–35.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dumbar RIM. Primate social system. London: Croom & Helm; 1988.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Manson JH, Perry S, Parish AM. Non-conceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. Internat J Primatol. 1997;18:767–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dixson A. Primate sexuality. In: Whelehan P, Bolin A, editors. The international encyclopedia of human sexuality. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Benagiano G, Bastianelli C, Farris M. Contraception: a social revolution. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2007;12:3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. United Nations, Population Division. World fertility Data 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/wfd2015.shtml.

  9. Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Rice Wray E, Paniagua M, Rodriguez I. Fertility control with oral medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;75:1333–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zañartu J, Rice-Wray E, Goldzieher JW. Fertility control with long-acting injectable steroids. A preliminary report. Obstet Gynecol. 1966;28:513–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zañartu J, Navarro C. Fertility inhibition by an injectable progestogen acting for 3 months. A clinical survey of 130 fertile women treated with norethisterone enanthate. Obstet Gynecol. 1968;31:627–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fotherby K, Benagiano G, Toppozada HK, Abdel-Rahman A, Navaroli F, Arce B, Ramos-Cordero R, Gual C, Landgren BM, Johannisson E. A preliminary pharmacological trial of the monthly injectable contraceptive cycloprovera. Contraception. 1982;25:261–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baweja R, Bhattacharya SK, Choudhury SD, Krishna U, Manuel M, Phillips FS, Datey S, Kumar S, Mehta S, Saxena NC, The Indian Council of Medical Research. Task force on hormonal contraception: phase II randomized clinical trial with norethisterone oenanthate 50 mg alone and in combination with 5 mg or 2.5 mg of either estradiol valerate or cypionate as a monthly injectable contraceptive. Contraception. 1985;32:383–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Martinez-Manautou J, Giner-Velasquez J, Cortes-Gallegos V, Aznar R, Rojas B, Guitterez-Najar A, Rudel HW. Daily progestogen for contraception: a clinical study. Br Med J. 1967;2(5554):730–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Benagiano G, Primiero FM. The new minipill with 75μg of desogestrel. In: challenges on Women’s health and diseases: gynecologic and reproductive issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;997:163–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Coutinho E, da Silva AR, Mattos CE, Nielsen NC, Osler M, Wiese J. Contraception with long acting subdermal implants: I. An effective and acceptable modality in international clinical trials. Contraception. 1978;18:315–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sivin I, Viegas O, Campodonico I, Diaz S, Pavez M, Wan L, Koetsawang S, Kiriwat O, Anant MP, Holma P, el din Abdalla K, Stern J. Clinical performance of a new two-rod levonorgestrel contraceptive implant: a three-year randomized study with Norplant implants as controls. Contraception. 1997;55:73–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Díaz S, Pavez M, Moo-Young AJ, Bardin CW, Croxatto HB. Clinical trial with 3-keto-desogestrel subdermal implants. Contraception. 1991;44:393–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Endrikat J, Müller U, Düsterberg B. A twelve-month comparative clinical investigation of two low-dose oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms ethinyl-estradiol/75 micrograms gestodene and 30 micrograms ethinyl-estradiol/75 micrograms gestodene, with respect to efficacy, cycle control, and tolerance. Contraception. 1997;55:131–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. Fertil Steril. 1999;72:115–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jung-Hoffmann C, Storch A, Kuhl H. Serum concentrations of ethinylestradiol, 3-keto-desogestrel, SHBG, CBG and gonadotropins during treatment with a biphasic oral contraceptive containing desogestrel. Horm Res. 1992;38:184–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gaspard UJ, Deville JL, Dubois M. Clinical experience with a triphasic oral contraceptive (‘Trinordiol’) in young women. Curr Med Res Opin. 1983;8:395–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nahum GG, Parke S, Wildt L, Palacios S, Roemer T, Bitzer J. Efficacy and tolerability of a new oral contraceptive containing estradiol and dienogest. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(Suppl 4):15S.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stickland J, Tolowinska IY, Anthony F, et al. The suppression of ovarian function by the new oral contraceptive, Femodene. Contraception. 1987;35:447–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. De Jager EA. New progestagen for oral contraception. Contracept Deliv Syst. 1982;3:11–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Phillips A, Hahn DW, McGuire JL. Preclinical evaluation of norgestimate, a progestin with minimal androgenic activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:1191–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Foster RH, Wilde MI. Dienogest. Drugs. 1998;56:825–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Endrikat JS, Milchev NP, Kapamadzija A, Georgievska J, Gerlinger C, Schmidt W, Froze S. Bleeding pattern, tolerance and patient satisfaction with a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive evaluated in 3488 women in Europe, the Middle East and Canada. Contraception. 2009;79:428–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Owen LN, Briggs MH. Contraceptive steroid toxicology in the Beagle dog and its relevance to human carcinogenicity. Curr Med Res Opin. 1976;4:309–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zahradnik HP, Goldberg J, Andreas JO. Efficacy and safety of the new antiandrogenic oral contraceptive Belara. Contraception. 1998;57:103–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Coutinho EM. One year contraception with a single subdermal implant containing nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant). Contraception. 1993;47:97–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, Waldbaum AS, Shangold G, Fisher AC, Creasy GW, ORTHO EVRA/EVRA 004 Study Group. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285:2347–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Newton J, Szontagh F, Lebech P, Rowe P. Ovarian function with a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2594–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lin K, Banhart K. The clinical rationale for menses-free contraception. J Women’s Health. 2007;16:1171–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sulak PJ. Continuous oral contraception: changing times. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;20:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Benagiano G, Carrara S, Filippi V. Safety, efficacy and patient satisfaction with continuous daily administration of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptives. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2009;3:131–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Duijkers IJ, Klipping C, Grob P, Korver T. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17 beta-oestradiol on ovarian function in comparison to a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinylestradiol. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2010;15:314–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Whalen KL, Rose R. Estradiol valerate/dienogest: a novel oral contraceptive. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:1256–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Duijkers IJ, Klipping C, Zimmerman Y, Appels N, Jost M, Maillard C, Mawet M, Foidart JM, Coelingh Bennink HJ. Inhibition of ovulation by administration of estetrol in combination with drospirenone or levonorgestrel: results of a phase II dose-finding pilot study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015;20:476–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Pharriss BB, Erickson R, Bashaw J, Hoff S, Place VA, Zaffaroni A. Progestasert: a uterine therapeutic system for long-term contraception: I. Philosophy and clinical efficacy. Fertil Steril. 1974;25:915–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Snowden R. The progestasert and ectopic pregnancy. Br Med J. 1977;2(6102):1600–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nilsson C-G, Johansson EDB, Luukkainen TA. D-norgestrel-releasing IUD. Contraception. 1976;13:503–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Luukkainen T. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;626:43–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Faculty of Family-Planning and Reproductive Healthcare. FFPRHC Guidance. The levonorgestrel-releasing system (LNG-IUS) in contraception and reproductive health. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2004;30:99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Piomboni P, Morgante G. Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women’s health. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22:634–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lopez LM, Steiner M, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Strategies for communication effectiveness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006964.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mosher WD, Jones J, Abma JC. Intended and unintended births in the United States: 1982-2010. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2012;55:1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Singh S, Sedgh G, Hussain R. Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes. Stud Fam Plan. 2010;41:241–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Kost K. Unintended pregnancy rates at the state level: estimates for 2010 and trends since 2002. New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2015. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/StateUP10.pdf.

  50. Finer LB, Zolna MR. Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001-2008. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(Suppl 1):S43–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Finer LB, Zolna MR. Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(9):843–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Brynhildsen J. Combined hormonal contraceptives: prescribing patterns, compliance, and benefits versus risks. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014t;5:201–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Garbers S, Correa N, Tobier N, Blust S, Chiasson MA. Association between symptoms of depression and contraceptive method choices among low-income women at urban reproductive health centers. Matern Child Health J. 2010;14:102–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Winner B, Peipert J, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth J, Secura GM. Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1998–2007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:983–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Mestad R, Secura G, Allsworth JE, Tessa Madden T, Zhao Q, Peipert JF. Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception. 2011;84:493–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Leppälahti S, Gissler M, Mentula M, Heikinheimo O. Is teenage pregnancy an obstetric risk in a welfare society? A population-based study in Finland, from 2006 to 2011. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Romero R. The “Great Obstetrical Syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:193–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Brosens I, Benagiano G. Menstrual preconditioning for the prevention of major obstetrical syndromes in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:488–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22:497–515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Jensen JT, Parke S, Mellinger U, Machlitt A, Fraser IS. Effective treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding with estradiol valerate and dienogest: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:777–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wasiak R, Filonenko A, Vanness DJ, Wittrup-Jensen KU, Stull DE, Siak S, Fraser I. Impact of estradiol-valerate/dienogest on work productivity and activities of daily living in European and Australian women with heavy menstrual bleeding. Int J Womens Health. 2012;4:271–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Proctor ML, Roberts H, Farquhar CM. Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD002120.

  64. Milsom I, Sundell G, Andersch B. The influence of different combined oral contraceptives on the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea. Contraception. 1990;42:497–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, Hoshiai H, Terakawa N. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:1583–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Parry BL, Rush AJ. Oral contraceptives and depressive symptomatology: biologic mechanisms. Compr Psychiatry. 1979;20:347–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Steinberg JR, Rubin LR. Psychological aspects of contraception, unintended pregnancy, and abortion. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2014;1:239–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Hall KS, Kusunoki Y, Gatny H, Barber J. The risk of unintended pregnancy among young women with mental health symptoms. Soc Sci Med. 2014;100:62–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hall KS, White KO, Rickert VI, Reame N, Westhoff C. Influence of depressed mood and psychological stress symptoms on perceived oral contraceptive side effects and discontinuation in young minority women. Contraception. 2012;86:518–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Age and fertility. A guide for patients. Patients information series. Birmingham: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; 2012. p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted reproductive technology fertility clinic success rates report. US Dept of Health and Human Services: Atlanta; 2012. p. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Jolly M, Sebire N, Harris J, Robinson S, Regan L. The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:2433–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Vincent-Rohfritsch A, Le Ray C, Anselem O, Cabrol D, Goffinet F. [Pregnancy in women aged 43 years or older: maternal and perinatal risks] [Article in French]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2012;41:468–75.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bokhman JV. Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1983;15:10–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive use in perimenopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(2 Suppl):S32–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Santoro N, Teal S, Gavito C, Cano S, Chosich J, Sheeder J. Use of a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine system with supplemental estrogen improves symptoms in perimenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause. 2015;22:1301–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A. Contraception and health. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):149–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Trussell J, Pebley A. The potential impact of changes in fertility on infant, child and maternal mortality. Stud Fam Plan. 1984;15:267–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Fortney J. The importance of family planning in reducing maternal mortality. Stud Fam Plan. 1987;18:109–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Winikoff B, Sullivan M. Assessing the role of family planning in reducing maternal mortality. Stud Fam Plan. 1987;18:128–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. United Nations General Assembly. The United Nations Millennium Declaration Resolution 55/2 adopted by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000. http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm.

  82. United Nations. The Millennium Project. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/.

  83. Cates W Jr. Family planning: the essential link to achieving all eight Millennium Development Goals. Contraception. 2010;81:460–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals; 17 goals to transform our world. United Nations, 2015. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-developmentgoals/.

  85. Coeytaux F, Bingham D, Langer A. Reducing maternal mortality: a global imperative. Contraception. 2011;83:95–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Jain AK. Measuring the effect of fertility decline on the maternal mortality ratio. Stud Fam Plan. 2011;18:247–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Ross JA, Blanc AK. Why aren't there more maternal deaths? A decomposition analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:456–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):111–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Hubacher D, Mavranezouli I, McGinn E. Unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: magnitude of the problem and potential role of contraceptive implants to alleviate it. Contraception. 2008;78:73–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Eke AC, Alabi-Isama L. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) use among adolescent females in secondary institutions in Nnewi, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31:164–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Curry DW, Rattan J, Huang S, Noznesky E. Delivering high-quality family planning services in crisis-affected settings II: results. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2015;3:25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. United Nations. Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population Division. The health rationale for family planning: timing of births and child survival. New York: United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Population Division; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295:1809–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Perin J, Walker N. Potential confounding in the association between short birth intervals and increased neonatal, infant, and child mortality. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:29724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Merali S. The relationship between contraceptive use and maternal and infant health outcomes in Tajikistan. Contraception. 2016;93:216–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Maïga A, Hounton S, Amouzou A, Akinyemi A, Shiferaw S, Baya B, Bahan D, Barros AJ, Walker N, Friedman H. Trends and patterns of modern contraceptive use and relationships with high-risk births and child mortality in Burkina Faso. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:29736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Shiferaw S, Abdullah M, Mekonnen Y, Maïga A, Akinyemi A, Amouzou A, Friedman H, Barros AJ, Hounton S. Trends in contraceptive use and distribution of births with demographic risk factors in Ethiopia: a sub-national analysis. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:29720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Asiki G, Newton R, Marions L, Seeley J, Kamali A, Smedman L. The impact of maternal factors on mortality rates among children under the age of five years in a rural Ugandan population between 2002 and 2012. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105:191–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Habimana-Kabano I, Broekhuis A, Hooimeijer P. The effect of pregnancy spacing on fetal survival and neonatal mortality in Rwanda: a Heckman selection analysis. J Biosoc Sci. 2016;48:358–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Brown W, Ahmed S, Roche N, Sonneveldt E, Darmstadt GL. Impact of family planning programs in reducing high-risk births due to younger and older maternal age, short birth intervals, and high parity. Semin Perinatol. 2015;39:338–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Urology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Giuseppe Benagiano, Carlo Bastianelli & Manuela Farris

  2. Leuven Institute for Fertility and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium

    Ivo Brosens

Authors
  1. Giuseppe Benagiano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlo Bastianelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manuela Farris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ivo Brosens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giuseppe Benagiano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

    Joseph G. Schenker

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, USA

    John J. Sciarra

  3. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holst, Kiel, Germany

    Liselotte Mettler

  4. International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, Pisa, Italy

    Andrea R. Genazzani

  5. Professor emeritus of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Martin Birkhaeuser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 IAHR (International Academy of Human Reproduction)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Benagiano, G., Bastianelli, C., Farris, M., Brosens, I. (2018). Present Role of Hormonal Contraception in Family Planning. In: Schenker, J., Sciarra, J., Mettler, L., Genazzani, A., Birkhaeuser, M. (eds) Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice. Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78009-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78009-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78008-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78009-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation