Abstract
This chapter uses an international opportunity identification-based approach to understand specific foreign market entry mode choices of family firms. We employ an exploratory case study design based on ten German family firms’ entry mode choices for China and India. Our main findings suggest that for first-time entries, the type of international opportunity identification—accidental or purposeful—influences foreign market entry mode choices. Family firms that accidentally discover international opportunities choose an international joint venture, whereas purposeful searches lead to a selection of the most suitable foreign market entry mode only after careful consideration of different possibilities. Further, the perceived cultural distance of the target market impacts accidental opportunity discovery, a test phase carried out prior to market entry explains the dynamics of purposeful opportunity searches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhter, N., Sieger, P., & Chirico, F. (2016). If we can’t have it, then no one should: Shutting down versus selling in family business portfolios. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(4), 371–394.
Andersen, O. (1997). Internationalization and market entry mode: A review of theories and conceptual frameworks. MIR: Management International Review, 37, 27–42.
Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105–123.
Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. (2006). Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52(9), 1331–1344.
Beamish, P. (2013). Multinational joint ventures in developing countries (RLE International Business). New York: Routledge.
Bell, J., McNaughton, R., & Young, S. (2001). ‘Born-again global’ firms: An extension to the ‘born global’ phenomenon. Journal of International Management, 7(3), 173–189.
Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: Theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258–279.
Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2017). An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006. Journal of International Business Studies, 48, 1–18.
Boellis, A., Mariotti, S., Minichilli, A., & Piscitello, L. (2016). Family involvement and firms’ establishment mode choice in foreign markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(8), 929–950.
Brouthers, K. D. (2002). Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 203–221.
Bruneel, J., & De Cock, R. (2016). Entry mode research and SMEs: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(S1), 135–167.
Calabrò, A., & Mussolino, D. (2013). How do boards of directors contribute to family SME export intensity? The role of formal and informal governance mechanisms. Journal of Management & Governance, 17(2), 363–403.
Calabrò, A., Mussolino, D., & Huse, M. (2009). The role of board of directors in the internationalisation process of small and medium sized family businesses. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 3(4), 393–411.
Calabrò, A., Torchia, M., Pukall, T., & Mussolino, D. (2013). The influence of ownership structure and board strategic involvement on international sales: The moderating effect of family involvement. International Business Review, 22(3), 509–523.
Calabrò, A., Brogi, M., & Torchia, M. (2016a). What does really matter in the internationalization of small and medium-sized family businesses? Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 679–696.
Calabrò, A., Minola, T., Campopiano, G., & Pukall, T. (2016b). Turning innovativeness into domestic and international corporate venturing: The moderating effect of high family ownership and influence. European Journal of International Management, 10(5), 505–533.
Calabrò, A., Campopiano, G., & Basco, R. (2017a). Principal-principal conflicts and family firm growth: The moderating role of business family identity. Journal of Family Business Management, 7(3), 291–308.
Calabrò, A., Campopiano, G., Basco, R., & Pukall, T. (2017b). Governance structure and internationalization of family-controlled firms: The mediating role of international entrepreneurial orientation. European Management Journal, 35(2), 238–248.
Casillas, J. C., & Acedo, F. J. (2005). Internationalisation of Spanish family SMEs: An analysis of family involvement. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 1(2), 134–151.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., & Rau, S. B. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: An introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103–1113.
Claver, E., Rienda, L., & Quer, D. (2008). Family firms’ risk perception: Empirical evidence on the internationalization process. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(3), 457–471.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32.
Fiet, J. O. (2007). A prescriptive analysis of search and discovery. Journal of Management Studies, 44(4), 592–611.
Fiet, J. O., Piskounov, A., & Patel, P. C. (2005). Still searching (systematically)1 for entrepreneurial discoveries. Small Business Economics, 25(5), 489–504.
Gaglio, C. M., & Katz, J. A. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16(2), 95–111.
Gallo, M. A., & Pont, C. G. (1996). Important factors in family business internationalization. Family Business Review, 9(1), 45–59.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31.
Goel, S., & Jones, R. J., III. (2016). Entrepreneurial exploration and exploitation in family business: A systematic review and future directions. Family Business Review, 29(1), 94–120.
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106–137.
Graves, C., & Thomas, J. (2008). Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: An examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2), 151–167.
Hennart, J.-F., & Slangen, A. H. (2015). Yes, we really do need more entry mode studies! A commentary on Shaver. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), 114–122.
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm—A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32.
Killing, P. (2012). Strategies for joint venture success (RLE International Business) (Vol. 22). London: Routledge.
Kirzner, I. M. (1979). Perception, opportunity, and profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kontinen, T., & Ojala, A. (2011). International opportunity recognition among small and medium-sized family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(3), 490–514.
Kraus, S., Mensching, H., Calabrò, A., Cheng, C.-F., & Filser, M. (2016). Family firm internationalization: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5473–5478.
Kuo, A., Kao, M.-S., Chang, Y.-C., & Chiu, C.-F. (2012). The influence of international experience on entry mode choice: Difference between family and non-family firms. European Management Journal, 30(3), 248–263.
Lavie, D., Stettner, U., & Tushman, M. L. (2010). Exploration and exploitation within and across organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 4(1), 109–155.
Leblanc, R., & Schwartz, M. S. (2007). The black box of board process: Gaining access to a difficult subject. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(5), 843–851.
Löhde, A. S. K., Calabrò, A., & Campopiano, G. (2017). Behavioral and cultural aspects of German family firms internationalizing to China and India. Cologne: DEG-Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft Retrieved from: https://www.deginvest.de/DEG-Documents-in-English/Download-Center/WIFU-Study-on-German-Family-Firms-Internationalizing-to-China-and-India.pdf.
Lu, J. W. (2002). Intra-and inter-organizational imitative behavior: Institutional influences on Japanese firms’ entry mode choice. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(1), 19–37.
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87.
Mensching, H., Calabrò, A., Eggers, F., & Kraus, S. (2016). Internationalisation of family and non-family firms: A conjoint experiment among CEOs. European Journal of International Management, 10(5), 581–604.
Minichilli, A., Brogi, M., & Calabrò, A. (2016). Weathering the storm: Family ownership, governance, and performance through the financial and economic crisis. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 24(6), 552–568.
Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., & Swoboda, B. (2010). Decades of research on market entry modes: What do we really know about external antecedents of entry mode choice? Journal of International Management, 16(1), 60–77.
Patel, P. C., & Fiet, J. O. (2011). Knowledge combination and the potential advantages of family firms in searching for opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1179–1197.
Pongelli, C., Caroli, M. G., & Cucculelli, M. (2016). Family business going abroad: The effect of family ownership on foreign market entry mode decisions. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 787–801.
Pukall, T. J., & Calabrò, A. (2014). The internationalization of family firms: A critical review and integrative model. Family Business Review, 27(2), 103–125.
Reuber, A. R. (2016). An assemblage-theoretic perspective on the internationalization processes of family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(6), 1269–1286.
Samiee, S. (2013). International market-entry mode decisions: Cultural distance’s role in classifying partnerships versus sole ownership. Journal of Business Research, 66(5), 659–661.
Scholes, L., Mustafa, M., & Chen, S. (2015). Internationalization of small family firms: The influence of family from a socioemotional wealth perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21729.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Sharma, P., & Salvato, C. (2011). Commentary: Exploiting and exploring new opportunities over life cycle stages of family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1199–1205.
Simon, H. (2009). Hidden champions of the twenty-first century: The success strategies of unknown world market leaders. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Singla, C., Veliyath, R., & George, R. (2014). Family firms and internationalization-governance relationships: Evidence of secondary agency issues. Strategic Management Journal, 35(4), 606–616.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Thomas, J., & Graves, C. (2005). Internationalization of the family firm: The contribution of an entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 17(2), 91.
Tihanyi, L., Griffith, D. A., & Russell, C. J. (2005). The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3), 270–283.
Vahlne, J.-E., Schweizer, R., & Johanson, J. (2012). Overcoming the liability of outsidership—The challenge of HQ of the global firm. Journal of International Management, 18(3), 224–232.
Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Zaefarian, R., Eng, T.-Y., & Tasavori, M. (2016). An exploratory study of international opportunity identification among family firms. International Business Review, 25(1), 333–345.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Löhde, A.S.K., Calabrò, A. (2019). Understanding Family Firms’ Entry Mode Choices When Going to China and India: An International Opportunity Identification-Based Approach. In: Memili, E., Dibrell, C. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Heterogeneity among Family Firms. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77676-7_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77676-7_31
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77675-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77676-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)