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Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity pp 111–133Cite as

A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment

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Part of the book series: Space Sciences Series of ISSI ((SSSI,volume 65))

Abstract

Pools of air cooled by partial rain evaporation span up to several hundreds of kilometers in nature and typically last less than 1 day, ultimately losing their identity to the large-scale flow. These fundamentally differ in character from the radiatively-driven dry pools defining convective aggregation. Advancement in remote sensing and in computer capabilities has promoted exploration of how precipitation-induced cold pool processes modify the convective spectrum and life cycle. This contribution surveys current understanding of such cold pools over the tropical and subtropical oceans. In shallow convection with low rain rates, the cold pools moisten, preserving the near-surface equivalent potential temperature or increasing it if the surface moisture fluxes cannot ventilate beyond the new surface layer; both conditions indicate downdraft origin air from within the boundary layer. When rain rates exceed ~ 2 mm h−1, convective-scale downdrafts can bring down drier air of lower equivalent potential temperature from above the boundary layer. The resulting density currents facilitate the lifting of locally thermodynamically favorable air and can impose an arc-shaped mesoscale cloud organization. This organization allows clouds capable of reaching 4–5 km within otherwise dry environments. These are more commonly observed in the northern hemisphere trade wind regime, where the flow to the intertropical convergence zone is unimpeded by the equator. Their near-surface air properties share much with those shown from cold pools sampled in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Cold pools are most effective at influencing the mesoscale organization when the atmosphere is moist in the lower free troposphere and dry above, suggesting an optimal range of water vapor paths. Outstanding questions on the relationship between cold pools, their accompanying moisture distribution and cloud cover are detailed further. Near-surface water vapor rings are documented in one model inside but near the cold pool edge; these are not consistent with observations, but do improve with smaller horizontal grid spacings.

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Acknowledgements

PZ and AC gratefully acknowledge support from NOAA Climate Variability Program Grant NA13OAR4310157 and PZ from National Science Foundation grant AGS-132189. GT acknowledges support from DOE Awarrd DE-SC0018120 and NSF Grant AGS-1649819. CM gratefully acknowledges CINES/GENCI and PRACE/TGCC in France for providing access and support to their computing platforms OCCIGEN and CURIE. The satellite imagery in Fig. 1 was acquired through the NASA Worldview website. We acknowledge use of DOE ARM Mobile Facility data within Fig. 5. We are thankful to Steve Krueger and Adam Kochanski for the SAM simulation data diagnosed in Fig. 10. We thank two anonymous reviewers for input that greatly improved the manuscript. This contribution is a result of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on ‘‘Shallow clouds, water vapor, circulation and climate sensitivity.’’

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Paquita Zuidema & Arunchandra Chandra

  2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Giuseppe Torri

  3. CNRS Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique de l’École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

    Caroline Muller

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  1. Paquita Zuidema
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  2. Giuseppe Torri
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  3. Caroline Muller
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  4. Arunchandra Chandra
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Correspondence to Paquita Zuidema .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Robert Pincus

  2. Atmospheric Sciences, NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences, HAMPTON, Virginia, USA

    David Winker

  3. Institute Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique , Paris, France

    Sandrine Bony

  4. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology , Hamburg, Germany

    Bjorn Stevens

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Zuidema, P., Torri, G., Muller, C., Chandra, A. (2017). A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment. In: Pincus, R., Winker, D., Bony, S., Stevens, B. (eds) Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 65. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77273-8_6

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