Abstract
This chapter presents a conceptual two-level approach, focusing on interactions at state and civil society levels. Using the Turkish humanitarian aid to Somalia as a case study to develop further their conceptual framework, the authors examine how state and non-state actors engage with local players in Somalia and how they communicate their presence in the country. Their study demonstrates that Turkey has virtually no cooperation between these two levels in terms of communication about development—Turkish state-led reconstruction attempts in Somalia and the faith-based civil society groups participating in development efforts do not communicate with each other. However, the country enjoys a coherent communication of development rhetoric to promote its foreign aid which enables it to establish links between the two separate levels.
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Notes
- 1.
The concept of public diplomacy was not mentioned in political discourse until 2004. The first institution bearing the name “public diplomacy” was established in 2010.
- 2.
Turkey was one of the five biggest government donors of humanitarian assistance according to the Global Human Assistance 2013 report. This fact is repeatedly used in the official promotion documents. The report can be accessed at: http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/GHA-Report-2013.pdf.
- 3.
Personal interview with one of the authors (Sevin), March 15, 2013.
- 4.
“Turkish model” is an argument put forth by the Turkish state and government that suggests the existence of a unique Turkish foreign and humanitarian aid model. This narrative is aimed at differentiating Turkey from other donor countries and is also used as an apparatus to gain domestic support in foreign policy regarding aid .
- 5.
Ahmet Davutoğlu, a former academic, was chief advisor to Prime Minister Erdoğan from 2003 to 2009, Foreign Minister from 2009 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016. With the reshuffling of the AKP government in 2016 Davutoğlu’s foreign policy formulation and Davutoğlu doctrine has lost its once popular presence in the political narrative.
- 6.
The Kimse Yok Mu Association has been one of Turkey ’s strongholds in key regions such as Africa in setting the groundwork for Turkey ’s state-level engagement. Kimse Yok Mu, an organization affiliated with the Gülenist movement, which in turn designated Turkey as a terrorist organization, was sealed off following the coup attempt in Turkey . The Turkish government accuses the Gülenist network of plotting the coup attempt.
- 7.
MÜSİAD is believed to have close ties with the AKP government through its membership base.
- 8.
TUSKON is a Gülenist affiliated business organization which was closed in August of 2016 by the government after the July 15 coup attempt.
- 9.
Gülenist Hizmet movement is a loose international network of organizations and individuals that are influenced by the teachings of Fetullah Gulen, a Turkish preacher. The movement is credit to have operations in over 180 countries, such as in schools and cultural centers. Their work was never directly supported by the Turkish state; however, between 2002 and 2013, there have been numerous public declarations by high-level politicians—including the former Prime Minister and current President Recep Tayyip Erdogan—in support of the Hizmet movement. Following a political dispute in 2013, the government distanced itself from Fetullah Gulen and the movement. Currently in Turkey , the movement is labelled a Fetullah Terrorist Organization.
- 10.
Köylü, Mustafa (2013). Personal Interview with one of the authors (Çevik). Cansuyu Derneği President. Ankara. April 2013.
- 11.
Orakçı, Serhat (2014). Personal interview with one of the authors (Çevik). IHH. İstanbul headquarters, Africa Office director. August 2014.
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Çevik, S.B., Sevin, E., Baybars-Hawks, B. (2018). State–Civil Society Partnerships in International Aid and Public Diplomacy: The Case of Turkey and Somalia. In: Pamment, J., Wilkins, K.G. (eds) Communicating National Image through Development and Diplomacy. Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76759-8_8
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