Notes on the Bonae Fidei Possessio Pro Herede in the Civil Law Systems (19th–20th Centuries)

Rondini, Paolo

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76258-6_20

Paolo Rondini⁴

Part of the book series: Studies in the History of Law and Justice ((SHLJ,volume 14))

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Abstract

This paper provides a survey of the legal status of the possessor pro herede in some mainland European countries in the late 19th century (France, Austria, Italy, Germany). The case of the so-called ‘apparent heir’ who is not the true heir and administrates the estate assets or alienates the inheritance goods to third parties was already known by Roman law. In fact, under certain circumstances, it protected both the apparent heir behaving in good faith and the bona fide holder, who acquired real rights to inheritance goods from an individual who appeared to be the true heir towards everyone. With regards to the alienations of rights made by the apparent heir, things did not change substantially in continental Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Even during the early modern period, the legacy of Roman law was clear in the discipline of this matter. It was only at the beginning of the late modern period, as a result of the transition from the law system of the Ancien Régime to modern codifications, that the position of the apparent heir began to be considered in a new way. In mainland Europe the drafting of the civil codes enabled legislators, doctrine and jurisprudence to reconsider how law could satisfy the needs of rapidly changing societies. In that regard, new provisions and jurisprudential principles were established to secure and guarantee the rights of the true heir and third parties towards the legal acts carried out by the apparent heir.

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Notes

1.
On this topic see, for example, among many others, the opinions of the French scholars Hureaux, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste. 1868. Traité du droit de succession. Tome III. Paris-Charleville: A. Marescq, G. Letellier, 266−267 (§ 208); Laurent, François. 1873. Principes de Droit Civiles. Tome neuvième. Paris-Bruxelles: A. Durand & Pedone Lauriel, Bruylant-Cristophe & Comp., 639−640 (§ 561); Crémieu, Louis. 1910. De la validité des actes accomplis par l’héritier apparent. Revue trimestrielle de droit civil 9: 38−41, 47−48. As far as the Italian scholars’ opinions are concerned, cf. Borsari, Luigi. 1871. Commentario del Codice civile italiano. Volume Terzo. Parte Prima. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 939−952 (§§ 2018−2028); Jannuzzi, Riccardo. 1881. Della condizione giuridica dell’erede apparente e degli atti compiuti dal medesimo coi terzi. Appendice V. In Laurent, Francesco, Principii di diritto civile. Prima traduzione italiana dell’Avv. Giuseppe Trono con raffronti ed appendici dei più illustri giuristi italiani concernenti la legislazione e la giurisprudenza. Volume 9. Napoli−Roma−Milano: Vallardi, 619−620; Brunetti, Giovanni. 1895. L’erede apparente. In Brunetti, Giovanni. 1915. Scritti giuridici vari. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 213−216, 220−223; Contri, Ulisse. 1902, L’erede apparente di buona fede. Firenze: Lumachi, 3−5; De Berardinis, Aldo. 1904. La condizione giuridica dell’erede apparente nel codice civile italiano. Archivio Giuridico “Filippo Serafini” 73: 247−248.
2.
Cf., for instance, Borsari 1871, 930; Laurent 1873, 587−590 (§§ 513−513bis); Tartufari, Assuero. 1878. Del possesso qual titolo di diritti. Volume Secondo. Roma-Torino-Firenze: Fratelli Bocca, 430−431, 437−439, 538, 675; Crémieu 1910, 47; Santoro, Giovanni. 1922. Appunti sulla teoria dell’erede apparente. Grottaferrata: Scuola Tipografica Italo-Orientale, 11.
3.
See Borsari 1871, 930−932, 950−952 (§§ 2013, 2023); Laurent 1873, 598−606 (§§ 521−528); Tartufari 1878, 440−441; Crémieu 1910, 47.
4.
Ulpian’s commentary on the text of the Senatus Consultum Juventianum was split into several parts. See, among them, D. 5.3.20.6, 11−12, 17−21; D. 5.3.22; D. 5.3.23; D. 5.3.25.11, 15−16.
5.
For these different aspects, obviously without claiming to be complete, see, for example, Fabrus, Antonius. 1626. Rationalia in secundam partem pandectarum. Coloniae Allobrogum: apud Petrum et Iacobum Chouët, Ad l. Verum autem 23 (297), Ad l. Sed et si lege commissoria 25, Ad §. 11. Consuluit (306−307), Ad §. 15. Adeo autem (309), Ad §. 16. Quod autem (309); De Luca, Giovanni Battista. 1673. Il dottor volgare, overo il compendio di tutta la legge Civile, Canonica, Feudale, e Municipale nelle cose più ricevute in pratica; Moralizato in lingua Italiana per istruzione, e comodità maggiore di questa Provincia. Libro nono. Parte II. Dell’erede, e dell’eredità. Roma: Corvo, 47; Voet, Johannis. 1716. Commentarius ad Pandectas. In quo praeter Romani juris principia ac controversias illustriores, jus etiam hodiernum, et præcipuæ fori quæstiones excutiuntur. Tomus Primus. Hagae Comitum: apud Abrahamum de Hondt, 403−413 (n. 1−26); Noodt, Gerardus. 1735. Operum omnium Tomus II. continens commentarium in D. Justiniani, sacratissimi principis, libros XXVII Digestorum, sive Pandectarum juris enucleati ex omni vetere jure collecti, editio secunda emendatior. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joannem Arnoldum Langerack, Ad Lib. V. Tit. III. De hereditatis petitione (180−185); Donellus, Hugo. 1829. Commentarii de Iure civili. Editio sexta, quam post obitum Joannis Christophori König in acad. altorfina quondam professoris celeberrimi continuavit D. Carolus Bucher. Volumen Duodecimum. Liber Nonus Decimus. Norimbergae: apud Bauer et Raspe, 331−354 (§§ 12−31), 358−364 (§§ 35−37); Cujacius, Jacobus. 1839. Recitationes solemnes in librum III. Codicis, Ad Tit. XXXI. De Petitione haereditatis. In Jacobi Cujacii ic. Tolosatis Opera ad parisiensem Fabrotianam editionem diligentissime exacta in tomos XIII. distributa auctiora atque emendatiora. Pars Quarta. Tomus Nonus. Prati: ex officina frate. Giachetti, 221−274; Pothier, Robert Jospeh. 1833. Le Pandette di Giustiniano disposte in nuovo ordine da R. G. Pothier con le leggi del Codice e le Novelle che confermano, spiegano, od abrogano le disposizioni delle Pandette. Versione italiana notabilmente corretta ed in gran parte rifatta col testo delle leggi a pie’ di pagina per cura di Antonio Bazzarini. Venezia: Co’ tipi di Antonio Bazzarini e Co., 536−542 (XXIX−XXXV); Pothier, Robert Jospeh. 1841 (2^nd Italian edition). Trattato del diritto e del dominio di proprietà. In Opere di G. R. Pothier, contenenti i trattati del diritto francese. Livorno: Fratelli Vignozzi e nipote, 126−138 (n. 406−437). Amongst the sources of the modern French and Italian doctrine exploring these topics, see Laurent 1873, 587−606, 610−632 (§§ 513−528, 534−553); Seresia, Alfred. 1873. De la pétition d’hérédité en droit moderne. Bruxelles: Bruylant-Cristophe e C^le éditéurs, 6−18 (§§ 5−14); Tartufari 1878, 454−458, 460−461; De Berardinis 1904, 248; Santoro 1922, 9−10; Midiri, Rosario. 1930. L’erede apparente e i diritti dei terzi con lui contrattanti. Rivista di diritto civile 22: 316; Tardivo, Renato. 1932. L’erede apparente. Padova: Cedam, 3−4.
6.
“Item si rem distraxit bonae fidei possessor nec pretio factus sit locupletior, an singulas res, si nondum usucaptae sint, vindicare petitor ab emptore possit? Et si vindicet, an exceptione non repellatur ‘quod praeiudicium hereditati non fiat inter actorem et eum qui venum dedit’, quia non videtur venire in petitionem hereditatis pretium earum, quanquam victi emptores reversuri sunt ad eum qui distraxit. Et puto posse res vindicari, nisi emptores regressum ad bonae fidei possessorem habent”.
7.
Gl. habent ad D. 5.3.25.17, de hereditatis petitione l. sed et si lege § item si rem. About the communis opinio concerning all these aspects see, for example, Fabrus 1626, Ad §. 17 Item si rem distraxit (309−312); De Luca 1673, 47–48; Voet 1716, 410−411 (n. 18); Donellus 1829, 355−358 (§§ 32−34); Pothier 1833, 530 (XVII). For more details on this topic, see also Laurent 1873, 639−640 (§ 561); Seresia 1873, 14−17 (§ 13); Brunetti 1895, 216; De Berardinis 1904, 248; De Angelis, Edoardo. 1908. L’erede apparente. Studio sull’art. 933 cod. civ. ital. Il Filangieri. Rivista giuridica, dottrinale e pratica 33: 70−72; Midiri 1930, 317−319; Tardivo 1932, 3−4.
8.
Cf. Seresia 1873, 20–27 (§§ 15–18); Crémieu 1910, 47.
9.
See Crémieu 1910, 68; Laurent, Jean Charles. 1931. L’apparence dans le problème des qualifications juridiques. Étude de droit privé français. Caen: Imprimerie Caennaise, 268−271.
10.
See Laurent 1873, 639 (§ 561); Crémieu 1910, 47, 72; Laurent 1931, 236−246.
11.
Article 1380 of the civil code provided, for example, that a person receiving in good faith a thing that he believed due to him, and who had then sold it, would only have to return the price he had received, while according to articles 2005–2009 the contracts between the agent and the third party after revocation of the mandate that had not been duly made known to the third parties were valid.
12.
Cf. Duranton, Alexandre. 1844 (4^th edition). Cours de droit français suivant le Code civil. Tome premier. Paris: C. Thorel, Guilbert, 474−531 (§§ 552−579); Troplong, Raymond Théodore. 1856 (5^th edition). De la vente, ou commentaire du titre VI du livre III du Code Napoléon. Tome Second. Paris: C. Hingray, 447−466 (§ 960); Hureaux 1868, 267−268 (§ 209); Laurent 1873, 639−647 (§§ 561−564); Marcadé, Victor-Napoléon. 1873 (7^th edition). Explication théorique et pratique du Code civil. Tome premier. Paris: Delamotte et Fils., 363–367 (art. 137−IV); Seresia 1873, 14−17 (§ 13); Larombière, Léobon Valéry Léon Jupile. 1885. Théorie et pratique des obligations, ou Commentaire des titres III et IV, livre III du Code civil. Tome Second. Paris: A. Durand & Pedone-Lauriel, 147−163 (n. 25); Crémieu 1910, 49−52.
13.
See Merlin, Philippe-Antoine. 1828 (4^th edition). Recueil alphabétique de questions de droit. Tome huitième. Bruxelles: H. Tarlier, 13, 39 (§ 3); Dalloz, Victor Alexis Désiré. 1867. Jurisprudence Générale. Tome second. Paris: Bureau de la Jurisprudence Générale, 646−647 (Sect. 5, Art. 1, § 3); Hureaux 1868, 268−279 (§ 210); Laurent 1873, 644−646 (§ 564); Seresia 1873, 336−338 (§ 232).
14.
Hureaux 1868, 270 (§ 210).
15.
Cf. Hureaux 1868, 276 (§ 210); Laurent 1873, 644−646 (§ 564).
16.
See Hureaux 1868, 278 (§ 211); Laurent 1873, 646 (§ 564).
17.
Cf. Demante, Antoine Marie. 1849. Cours analytique de Code Civil. Tome premier. Paris: Thorel, 279−282 (n. 176 bis V−IX); Hureaux 1868, 278−279, 284 (§§ 211, 214); Laurent 1873, 645−646 (§ 564).
18.
See Laurent 1873, 645−646 (§ 564); Seresia 1873, 331−336 (§ 231).
19.
Cf. Toullier, Charles Bonaventure Marie, and Duvergier, Jean-Baptiste. 1838. Le droit civil français, suivant l’ordre du Code, ouvrage dans lequel on a réuni la théorie à la pratique; par M. Toullier. Nouvelle édition, augmentée en Belgique. Tome Neuvième. Continuation Code Civil (art. 1582 a la fin.). Par M. Duvergier, avocat, sur les notes de M. Toullier. Bruxelles: Société typographique belge, 276−278 (§ 305); Hureaux 1868, 279−284 (§ 212); Crémieu 1910, 52−57, 64−65, 68; Laurent 1931, 4−8, 92.
20.
Cf. Aubry, Charles Marie Barbe Antoine, and Rau, Charles. 1873 (4^th edition). Cours de droit civil français d’àpres la méthode de Zachariae. Tome sixième. Paris: Imprimerie et Librairie générale de jurisprudence, 437−441 (note 32); Demolombe, Charles. 1874. Traité de l’absence. Paris: Imprimerie générale, 318−324 (n. 250); Laurent 1931, 30−33, 49.
21.
Cf Hureaux 1868, 282−284 (§ 213); Laurent 1873, 646−650 (§§ 564−565); Seresia 1873, 322−331 (§§ 229−230).
22.
With regards to the implications of the principle of the legal appearance in the French civil law see Crémieu 1910, 52−62, 64−65, 68, 74, 76, 79; Laurent 1931, 2−5, 7−8, 306, 308−312, 316−318; Drakidis, Philippe. 1966. Des problems nés de l’application du certificate d’héritier. Revue internationale de droit comparé 18.3: 607.
23.
See Stubenrauch, Moriz von. 1855. Das allgemeine bürgerliche Gesetzbuch von 1. Juni 1811. Zweiter Band. Wien: Manz, 761−762 (§ 798); Unger, Joseph. 1871 (2^nd edition). System des österreichischen allgemeinen Privatrechts. Sechster Band. Das österreichische Erbrecht systematisch dargestellt. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 158−163 (§ 39). The text of the Austrian Non-contentious Proceedings Act of 1854 is in Heller Michael, Frankl, Georg, and Heller, Ludwig. 1926. Das novellierte Gesetz über das gerichtliche Verfahren ausser Streitsachen. Wien: Springer, 8−11.
24.
See Zeiller, Franz. 1812. Commentar über das allgemeine bürgerliche Gesetzbuch für die gesammten Deutschen Erbländer der Österreichischen Monarchie. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung. Wien und Triest: Geistingers Verlagshandlung, 829−832 (§§ 797−798); Nippel, Franz Xaver. 1832. Erläuterung des allgemeinen bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches für die gesammten deutschen Länder der österreichischen Monarchie, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des practischen Bedürfnisses. Fünfter Band. Grätz: Damian und George, 157−164 (§§ 797−798); Winiwarter, Joseph. 1841 (2^nd edition). Das österreichischen bürgerliche Recht, systematisch dargestellt und erläutert. Wien: Braumüller und Seibel, 414−415 (§§ 225−226); Stubenrauch 1855, 760−767 (§§ 797−798); Unger 1871, 158 (§ 39).
25.
For an in-depth analysis of the pros and cons of the Austrian succession proceedings see Unger, Joseph. 1862. Die Velassenschaftsabhandlung in Österreich. Ein Votum für deren Aufhebung. Wien: Braumüller, IV−V, 117−190; Unger 1871, 160−163 (§ 39).
26.
Cf. Zeiller 1812, 832−836, 849−850 (§§ 799, 810); Nippel 1832, 165−168, 203−207 (§§ 799, 810); Winiwarter 1841, 414−418, 429−430 (§§ 225−228, 236); Stubenrauch 1855, 768−772 (§§ 799−810); Unger 1871, 158 (§ 39).
27.
See Zeiller 1812, 861−864 (§ 819); Nippel 1832, 235−241 (§ 819); Winiwarter 1841, 441−443 (§ 244); Stubenrauch 1855, 803−810 (§ 819); Unger 1871, 158−159 (§ 39).
28.
See Zeiller 1812, 867−872 (§ 823); Nippel 1832, 246−250 (§ 823); Winiwarter 1841, 448−450 (§ 247); Stubenrauch 1855, 813−818 (§ 823); Unger 1871, 160 (§ 39).
29.
Winiwarter 1841, 452 (§ 248).
30.
Cf. Zeiller 1812, 872−874 (§ 824); Nippel 1832, 250−252 (§ 824); Winiwarter 1841, 452 (§ 248); Stubenrauch 1855, 823−824 (§ 824).
31.
Cf. Zeiller 1812, 874 (§ 824); Nippel 1832, 252 (§ 824); Winiwarter 1841, 452−453 (§ 248).
32.
Winiwarter 1841, 453 (§ 248).
33.
On this subject see Tartufari 1878, 436−439, 465; Contri 1902, 3−5; De Berardinis 1904, 291−292; De Angelis 1908, 41−42; Santoro 1922, 16; Tardivo 1932, 84; Polacco, Vittorio. 1937. Delle successioni. 2. Disposizioni comuni alle successioni legittime e testamentarie. Roma: Athenaeum, 29−130.
34.
Cf. Borsari 1871, 930−931 (§ 2013); Pacifici Mazzoni, Emidio. 1876. Il Codice civile italiano commentato con la legge romana, le sentenze dei dottori e la giurisprudenza. IX. Trattato delle successioni. Parte Seconda. Regole comuni alle successioni legittime e testamentarie ossia acquisto dell’eredità e suoi effetti. Volume V. Firenze: Eugenio e Filippo Cammelli, 201−203 (§ 121); Tartufari 1878, 440−444; Jannuzzi 1881, 637; Bonfante, Pietro. 1894. La dottrina dell’erede apparente e la buona fede del terzo nelle alienazioni dei beni ereditari. In Bonfante, Pietro. 1916. Scritti giuridici varii. I. Famiglia e successione. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 533−534, 540−5451; Contri 1902, 7−9, 35; De Berardinis 1904, 254−256, 264−266, 288; De Angelis 1908, 42−47, 52−54; Santoro 1922, 14−15, 24; Midiri 1930, 332−336; Tardivo 1932, 31−32, 45−50, 56−57; Polacco 1937, 130−133.
35.
See Borsari 1871, 937−943, 945−946, 948−949 (§§ 2017−2020, 2022); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 208−230, 242−246 (§§ 122−128, 136−137); Tartufari 1878, 447−448, 465−468, 493−499, 546−547; Jannuzzi 1881, 640−642; Brunetti 1895, 275; Contri 1902, 37−41; De Berardinis 1904, 268−269, 272−274, 276−277; De Angelis 1908, 56−60; Chironi, Giampietro. 1912 (2^th edition). Istituzioni di diritto civile italiano. Volume II. Milano−Torino−Roma: Bocca, 405; Santoro 1922, 16, 18; Midiri 1930, 345−346, 347−350; Tardivo 1932, 64, 71−77; Polacco 1937, 134−136, 141−143.
36.
See Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 246 (§ 137); Tartufari 1878, 697−701; Jannuzzi 1881, 644−646; De Berardinis 1904, 279−281; De Angelis 1908, 77−78; Santoro 1922, 25; Midiri 1930, 352; Tardivo 1932, 101−103; Polacco 1937, 146. Few jurists considered that article 933 was not applicable to the sale of the entire inheritance. Their thesis was that the third party who had purchased the entire inheritance would have stepped into the role and condition of the apparent heir, almost as if he had been a universal successor to the deceased. Therefore, the third party was obliged to return the entire inheritance to the true heir who had taken him to court with the petitio hereditatis (petition for an inheritance). Obviously, once the legal action of eviction had been carried out, the third party purchaser could make up for his losses against the apparent heir with a claim of recourse against the vendor under the obligation of warranty. See, for example, Borsari 1871, 956−957 (§ 2026).
37.
Cf. Borsari 1871, 944, (§ 2020); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 209, 232, 235−236, 248−249 (§§ 122, 129, 131, 140); Tartufari 1878, 546, 701−704; Jannuzzi 1881, 643; Contri 1902, 41; De Berardinis 1904, 278−279; De Angelis 1908, 61−62, 77; Santoro 1922, 20−21; Midiri 1930, 347; Tardivo 1932, 40, 109−110; Polacco 1937, 143−144, 146.
38.
See Borsari 1871, 937−938, 944−946 (§§ 2017, 2020); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 215−222, 228−230, 246−247 (§§ 125−127, 128, 138); Tartufari 1878, 492−493; Jannuzzi 1881, 637; Brunetti 1895, 275; De Berardinis 1904, 294−296; De Angelis 1908, 56−58, 63; Santoro 1922, 16−18; Midiri 1930, 336, 346−347; Tardivo 1932, 65, 84−85, 88−90, 94; Polacco 1937, 140−141.
39.
For example, this could happen in the case of the brother of the deceased who had publicly declared himself the sole heir in virtue of a will that nobody knew to be invalid or in spite of the existence of a natural child of the deceased that no-one was aware of.
40.
Cf. Borsari 1871, 952−955 (§§ 2024−2025); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 231−240 (§§ 129−134); Tartufari 1878, 566−571, 576−585; Jannuzzi 1881, 642−644, 646; Bonfante 1894, 532, 536−541; Brunetti 1895, 221; De Berardinis 1904, 267−268, 281−289; De Angelis 1908, 76−79; Chironi 1912, 404−405; Santoro 1922, 22−23, 25; Midiri 1930, 351−353; Tardivo 1932, 22−24, 97−98, 103−106, 111−112.
41.
See Borsari 1871, 954−955 (§ 2025); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 233−234 (§ 130); Bonfante 1894, 532; Brunetti 1895, 223; De Berardinis 1904, 281−282; De Angelis 1908, 76, 78−79; Santoro 1922, 23; Midiri 1930, 351−353; Tardivo 1932, 98−99.
42.
See Borsari 1871, 954−955 (§ 2025); Pacifici Mazzoni 1876, 233−234 (§ 130); Bonfante 1894, 532; Brunetti 1895, 223; De Berardinis 1904, 281−282; De Angelis 1908, 76, 78−79; Santoro 1922, 23; Midiri 1930, 351−353; Tardivo 1932, 98−99; Polacco 1937, 145.
43.
Cf. Kipp, Theodor. 1921. Lehrbuch des Bürgerlichen Rechts. Zweiter Band, dritte Abteilung. Das Erbrecht. Warburg: Elwert, 6−7, 144; Binder, Julius. 1923. Bürgerliches Recht. Erbrecht. Berlin: Springer, 5; Cosak, Konrad. 1924, Lehrbuch des bürgerlichen Rechts. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abteilung. Jena: Fischer, 343, 376, 378−379.
44.
See Binder 1923, 32; Cosak 1924, 384–385.
45.
Cosak 1924, 449.
46.
Dernburg, Heinrich. 1905. Das bürgerliche Recht des Deutschen Reichs und Preußens. Fünfter Band. Deutsches Erbrecht. Halle: Verlag des Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 448; Kretzschmar, Ferdinand. 1913. Das Erbrecht des Deutschen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch. Leipzig: Weicher, 412−413, 428−429.
47.
See Strohal, Emil. 1904. Das deutsche Erbrecht auf Grundlage des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs. Zweiter Band. Berlin: Guttentag, 132−146; Dernburg 1905, 437, 439−441; Kretzschmar 1913, 414−415, 416−425; Binder 1923, 35−36; Cosak 1924, 449−450.
48.
Cf. Dernburg 1905, 447−448; Binder 1923, 36−37; Strohal, Emil (ed.). 1930. Planck’s Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch nebst Einführungsgesetz. V. Band. Erbrecht. Berlin und Leipzig: de Gruyter, 1017−1018.
49.
See Kretzschmar 1913, 434, 442; Kipp 1921, 193−195; Cosak 1924, 444−445.
50.
Dernburg 1905, 426−427; Kipp 1921, 185.
51.
See Strohal 1904, 146−147; Dernburg 1905, 451−452; Kretzschmar 1913, 415; Kipp 1921, 186−187.
52.
See Binder 1923, 60−62; Dernburg 1905, 431−433; Kretzschmar 1913, 444; Kipp 1921, 189−184, 195−203; Cosak 1924, 445−447.
53.
Cf. Dernburg 1905, 451; Binder 1923, 36−37; Cosak 1924, 451.
54.
See Strohal 1904, 147−150; Dernburg 1905, 447−448; Kretzschmar 1913, 428−429; Kipp 1921, 183−184; Binder 1923, 36−37; Cosak 1924, 451.
55.
Cf. Strohal 1904, 150−167; Dernburg 1905, 449−451; Kretzschmar 1913, 416, 429, 431; Kipp 1921, 184−185; Binder 1923, 36−37; Cosak 1924, 451; Strohal 1930, 1021−1022.
56.
See Strohal 1904, 154−158; Dernburg 1905, 450; Kretzschmar 1913, 431, 432−433; Kipp 1921, 185.
57.
Strohal 1904, 160; Strohal 1930, 1020.
58.
Cf. Kretzschmar 1913, 428, 433−434, 442; Kipp 1921, 186, 194−195, 205−206; Binder 1923, 60−61, 64; Cosak 1924, 448.
59.
Cf. Strohal 1904, 152; Dernburg 1905, 428−429, 436; Binder 1923, 64−65; Cosak 1924, 443, 445, 448.
60.
Cf. Laurent 1931, 323−328; Planiol, Marcel. 1946. Traité élémentaire de droit civil. Tome troisième. Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 732−733; Planiol, Marcel, and Ripert Georges. 1956 (2^nd edition). Traité pratique de droit civil français. Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 491−498; Mazeaud, Henri, Mazeaud, Leon, and Mazeaud, Jean. 1982. Leçons de droit civil. Tome Quatrième. Deuxième Volume. Paris: Éditions Montchrestien, 502−505; Carbonnier, Jean. 1991. Droit civil. Introduction. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 316−317; Grimaldi, Michel. 1996. Droit civil. Successions. Paris: Litec, 486−489; Terré, François, and Lequette, Yves. 1997. Droit Civil. Les successions. Les libéralités. Dalloz: Paris, 578−579; Terré, François, and Simler, Philippe. 1998. Droit civil. Les biens. Dalloz: Paris, 57−61; Malaurie, Philippe. 2006. Les successions. Les libéralités. Paris: Defrénois, 135−136.
61.
See Planiol, and Ripert 1956, 498–509; Drakidis 1966, 606, 611−612; Mazeaud, Mazeaud, and Mazeaud 1982, 501.
62.
Unger 1862, 117−121, 129−130, 134, 135−136, 169−170, 187−190.
63.
See Koziol, Helmut, and Welser, Rudolf. 1988. Grundriß des bürgerlichen Rechts. Band II. Sachenrecht, Familienrecht, Erbrecht. Wien: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 379−399; Stögner, Markus, and Perscha, Alice. 2005. Verlassenschaftsverfahren in Österreich. Notarius International 1–2: 115−116.
64.
Jannuzzi 1881, 646−656. For further bibliographical information on these aspects, see, e.g., Di Simone, Maria Rosa. 2006. Percorsi del diritto tra Austria e Italia (secoli XVII–XX). Milano: Giuffrè, 350−353; Di Simone, Maria Rosa. 2015. Joseph Unger e la sua critica all’istituto della ventilazione ereditaria. In Caroni, Pio, and Ferrante, Riccardo (eds.), La codificazione del diritto fra il Danubio e l’Adriatico. Per i duecento anni dall’entrata in vigore dell’ABGB (1812–2012). Atti del convegno internazionale (Trieste, 25–27 ottobre 2012). Torino: Giappichelli, 217−223.
65.
See Brunelli, Giovanni, and Zappulli, Carlo. 1940. Il libro delle successioni e delle donazioni. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria, 149−153; Busnelli Francesco Donato. 1966. Erede apparente. In Enciclopedia del diritto 15. Milano: Giuffrè, 205−207; Ferri, Luigi. 1970. Successioni in generale. Della separazione dei beni del defunto da quelli dell’erede. Della rinunzia all’eredità. Dell’eredità giacente. Della petizione di eredità. Art. 512−535. In Scialoja, Antonio, and Branca, Giuseppe (eds.), Commentario del codice civile. Libro Secondo delle successioni. Bologna−Roma: Zanichelli−Soc. ed. del Foro italiano, 214−229; Azzariti, Francesco Saverio, Martinez, Giovanni, and Azzariti, Giuseppe. 1973. Successioni per causa di morte e donazioni. Padova: Cedam, 158−167; Mengoni, Luigi. 1975. Gli acquisti a non domino. Milano: Giuffrè, 155−158, 243−249, 292−301, 307−310; Capozzi, Guido. 1983. Successioni e donazioni. Tomo Primo. Milano: Giuffrè, 264−269; Sesta, Michele. 2011. Codice delle successioni e donazioni. Milano: Giuffrè, 874−882.
66.
See Kipp, Theodor. 1960. Erbrecht. In Enneccerus, Ludwig, Kipp, Theodor, and Wolff, Martin (eds.), Lehrbuch des bürgerlichen rechts. Tübingen: Mohr, 440−468, 536−547; Lange, Heinrich, and Kuchinke, Kurt. 1995. Lehrbuch des Erbrechts. München: Beck, 13−35, 73−81, 176−182, 944−951, 967−981, 988−989, 1001−1002, 1107−1115; Promberger, Günter. 1997. Achter Titel. Erbschein. In Schlichting, Günther (ed.), Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch 9. München: Beck, 2025−2029.

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Rondini, P. (2018). Notes on the Bonae Fidei Possessio Pro Herede in the Civil Law Systems (19th–20th Centuries). In: di Renzo Villata, M. (eds) Succession Law, Practice and Society in Europe across the Centuries. Studies in the History of Law and Justice, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76258-6_20

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