Abstract
The legal relationship between the citizen and the state is one of the most problematic to define in a new constitution. This was complicated in the Irish context by four further aspects: the constant feature of republican violence in Ireland meant that the civil service were concerned to ensure the balance did not tip too far in favour of rights; the relatively strict amendment process meant it had to be correct the first time; the relative paucity of human rights provisions in the 1922 Constitution meant that further rights had to be guaranteed; and the intellectual currents meant that the extension of these rights would tend towards a Catholic interpretation of the relationship between the individual and the state.
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Notes
- 1.
Seosamh Ó Longaigh, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland 1922–1948 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006).
- 2.
Ó Longaigh, Emergency Law in Independent, 158–160.
- 3.
National Archives of Ireland (hereafter NAI): Taois s.2979.
- 4.
NAI: Taois s.2979, 14 June 1934.
- 5.
This scheme was quite elaborate and provided inter alia for the convocation of all judges exercising criminal jurisdiction in the state to advise the executive council whether the ordinary laws were inadequate for the preservation of public order. As the details of the scheme do not appear in drafts of the Constitution, however, they fall outside the scope of this examination.
- 6.
The committee stated: ‘The suggestions submitted by us under the heading “Emergency Provisions” … might, if adopted, necessitate a revision of the text of Article 70, but this question would naturally receive attention in connection with the drafting of the new provisions.’
- 7.
29 June 1934 (NAI: Taois s.2979).
- 8.
18 May 1935 (University College Dublin Archives (hereafter UCDA): P150/2370).
- 9.
If the Dáil was not sitting, this power was to be exercised by the council of ministers. The Dáil would immediately be summoned and the proclamation laid before the Dáil, which could annul it with seven days.
- 10.
14 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 11.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 12.
It is also worth noting that the power to declare a state of emergency vested exclusively in the Dáil. The draft of 18 May 1935 provided for a unicameral legislature but that of 19 October 1936 provided for a bicameral legislature. The Senate was to have no role in this matter, however. If the Dáil was not sitting then the responsibility for summoning the Dáil lay with the president.
- 13.
3[?] March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 14.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 15.
22 March 1937 (NAI: Taois s.9715B).
- 16.
NAI: Taois s.9715B. This undated memorandum was composed between the drafts of 15 March (UCDA: P150/2401) and 1 April (UCDA: P150/2414). The articles referred to in the memorandum match those of the 15 March draft and there are no corresponding provisions in the subsequent draft.
- 17.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 18.
Memorandum entitled ‘Notes of Miscellaneous Points Arising on Constitution of 1922, as amended’ (UCDA: P150/2396). The author of the memo is not named but it seems likely that it was prepared by George Gavan Duffy . The two people outside the drafters who had been given a remit to comment on various aspects of the Constitution, besides John Charles McQuaid, by February 1937 were Arthur Matheson and Gavan Duffy. In every other communication from Matheson the advice is given in the first person. Gavan Duffy, in contrast, preferred the passive voice, which is a signature of court submissions. Another point which indicates that it was most likely composed by Gavan Duffy is that this memorandum made the same point in relation to the use of the words ‘sitting’ or ‘session’ of the Oireachtas as Gavan Duffy did in another memorandum (UCDA: P150/2397).
- 19.
18 May 1935 (UCDA: P150/2370).
- 20.
14 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373). See also draft of 19[?] Oct 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 21.
13 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 22.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 23.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 24.
13[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 25.
22 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2396).
- 26.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 27.
See Maurice Manning, The Blueshirts (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2006), 112–114.
- 28.
NAI: Taois s.2979.
- 29.
18 May 1935 (UCDA: P150/2370).
- 30.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 31.
The article contained a provision which stated:
Nothing in this Constitution or in any law continued thereby or made thereunder shall be invoked to nullify and provision of this Article or of any legislation passed under this Article or to oust the jurisdiction of any Court established hereunder or to invalidate any act or thing done in pursuance of this Article or of any legislation enacted for the purposes thereof.
Despite this language, it might still have been vulnerable to a natural law challenge on the basis of State (Ryan) v Lennon; see Donal Coffey, “Article 28.3.3, the Natural Law and the Judiciary—Three Easy Pieces,” Irish Law Times 22 (2004): 310.
- 32.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 33.
NAI: Taois s.9715B.
- 34.
22 March 1937 (NAI: Taois s.9715B).
- 35.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 36.
Article 45 stated in the draft of 1 April:
-
1.
1° The Oireachtas may enact legislation making special provision for the preservation of public order and in particular for the setting up of extraordinary courts with such jurisdiction and power as may be thought necessary for the purpose.
2° Every Bill for an Act to which it is intended that this Article shall apply shall be expressed to be ‘An Act for the Preservation of Public Order and in pursuance of the provisions of Article 45 of this Constitution.’
-
2.
Nothing in Articles of this Constitution shall be invoked to invalidate any provision of this Article or any legislation passed under this Article or to oust the jurisdiction of any court established by, or to nullify any act or thing done in pursuance of any such legislation as aforesaid.
-
3.
Legislation enacted under this Article shall not come into operation unless and until a proclamation shall have been made by the President under this Article.
-
4.
If and whenever the Government are satisfied that the ordinary laws and the civil courts are not adequate for the preservation of public order the Government may so advise the President who shall forthwith issue a proclamation declaring that the legislation under this Article shall come into operation.
-
5.
Upon the making of such proclamation the said legislation shall immediately come into operation and shall remain in operation in the manner provided in this Article.
-
6.
Every proclamation made by the President under this Article shall, forthwith, be laid before Dáil Éireann, if sitting, and if Dáil Éireann is not sitting at the sitting thereof which takes place next after such proclamation.
-
7.
If Dáil Éireann is not sitting the President may after consultation with the Council of State , and shall if so required in writing by not less than twenty members of Dáil Éireann summon Dáil Éireann for the earliest practicable date.
-
8.
The legislation shall remain in operation until its operation is determined either by a proclamation of the President on the advice of the Government or by a resolution of Dáil Éireann without prejudice in either event to the validity of anything done thereunder.
-
9.
The Oireachtas may at any time repeal or amend legislation enacted under this Article.
-
1.
- 37.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414.
- 38.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 39.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 40.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 41.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 42.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 43.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417). These were to become Articles 34, 35 and 40. The draft refers to Article 40, which on 10 April dealt with the family , but this appears to be a typo because it would have no relevance for such a challenge and the guarantee of individual rights had been mentioned in this regard by the earlier drafts dealing with the suspension of constitutional articles.
- 44.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 45.
67 Dáil Debates (2 June 1937), col. 1523.
- 46.
67 Dáil Debates (2 June 1937), cols. 1524–1525.
- 47.
13[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 48.
Article 70 of the Free State Constitution stated:
No one shall be tried save in due course of law, and extraordinary courts shall not be established, save only such Military Tribunals as may be authorized by law for dealing with Military offenders against military law. The jurisdiction of Military Tribunals shall not be extended to or exercised over the civil population save in time of war, or armed rebellion, and for acts committed in time of war or armed rebellion, and in accordance with the regulations to be prescribed by law. Such jurisdiction shall not be exercised in any area in which all civil courts are open or capable of being held, and no person shall be removed from one area to another for the purpose of creating such jurisdiction.
- 49.
13 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 50.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2415).
- 51.
22 March 1937 (NAI: Taois s.9715B).
- 52.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2415).
- 53.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 54.
14 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 55.
Article 72 of the 1922 Constitution stated:
No person shall be tried on any criminal charge without a jury save in the case of charges in respect of minor offences triable before a Court of Summary Jurisdiction and in the case of charges for offences against military law triable by Court Martial or other Military Tribunal.
- 56.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 57.
13 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 58.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 59.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 60.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 61.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 62.
See UCDA: P150/2390 where there is a written placeholder to indicate where the rights provisions are to be located but no text (13 February 1937).
- 63.
In fact, commentators often criticised the rights sections on the basis that they were not as strong as their 1922 forebears; see, for example, Arthur Berriedale Keith, “The Constitution of Éire,” Juridical Review 49 (1937): 272: ‘fundamental rights prove to be feebly established, despite formal assertion.’
- 64.
18 May 1935 (UCDA: P150/2370).
- 65.
Oran Doyle, Constitutional Equality Law (Dublin: Thomson Round Hall, 2004), 52. See also Eugene Broderick , John Hearne: Architect of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland (Newbridge: Irish Academic Press, 2017), 177–178.
- 66.
28 February–1 March 1937[?] (UCDA: P150/2387). This section is not part of a longer draft and it is thus difficult to ascertain whether it is from the first or second X draft.
- 67.
UCDA: P150/2387. In it ‘the citizens’ became ‘all citizens’ and ‘It’ became ‘The State’.
- 68.
See Doyle, Constitutional Equality Law, 53–60. See also de Valera’s notebook from November/December 1936, which stated: ‘Men + women have fundamentally the same civic rights + duties’ (UCDA: P150/3680).
- 69.
Various, The Pope and the People: Select Addresses on Social Questions (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1932), 16.
- 70.
A Code of Social Principles (2nd ed., Oxford, 1937), 32. A French version of this edition, dating from 1934, is to be found in the de Valera papers, UCDA: P150/2366.
- 71.
UCDA: P150/2401. In the second clause, ‘however’ was replaced with ‘in particular’ and ‘laws’ was substituted for ‘enactments’.
- 72.
UCDA: P67/184.
- 73.
UCDA: P150/2417.
- 74.
17 April 1937 (UCDA: P67/184).
- 75.
Gerard Hogan , The Origins of the Irish Constitution, 1928–1941 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2012), 155.
- 76.
Records of the Sixteenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly: Meetings of the Committees: Minutes of the First Committee: Constitutional and Legal Questions (League of Nations), 29.
- 77.
See, further, Article 41.
- 78.
Leo Kohn, The Constitution of the Irish Free State (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1932), 125–126; J.G. Swift MacNeill, Studies in the Constitution of the Irish Free State (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1925), 33–35. Swift MacNeill noted in the honours commission report ‘which was issued on December 30, 1922, in respect of recommendations concerning persons who are, or who have been lately, resident in oversea Dominions, it was in each case considered desirable that the Prime Ministers of the Dominions should be consulted’.
- 79.
13[?] October 1937 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 80.
This may provide some evidence that it was the Esthonian guarantee of equality that was copied for Article 40.1, but as it was a common formulation, little turns on this point.
- 81.
14 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 82.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385). This seems to have been based on Article 175 of the 1919 German Constitution . At this point, this clause was part of the equality provision as well as a guarantee which did not make it to the final draft but stated: ‘Only citizens are eligible for civil or military offices save in special cases provided for by law.’
- 83.
UCDA: P150/2401. In the X draft, the phrase ‘[n]o titles of nobility’ was changed to ‘[t]itles of nobility shall not’.
- 84.
17 April 1937 (UCDA: P67/184).
- 85.
Who’s Who, 1939 (London: A&C Black, 1939), 688.
- 86.
Who’s Who, 845.
- 87.
4 September 1936 (UCDA: P150/2393).
- 88.
UCDA: P150/2393.
- 89.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 90.
UCDA: P150/2382.
- 91.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 92.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 93.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 94.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 95.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 96.
19 March 1937 (UCDA: P67/164).
- 97.
17 April 1937 (UCDA: P67/164).
- 98.
See generally on habeas corpus in the Free State, Kevin Costello, The Law of Habeas Corpus in Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 27–31.
- 99.
UCDA: P150/2365.
- 100.
UCDA: P150/2370.
- 101.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 102.
Swift MacNeill, Studies in the Constitution of the Irish Free State, 90–91.
- 103.
UCDA: P150/2365.
- 104.
UCDA: P150/2370. The sole exception is the use of the word ‘each’ instead of ‘every’ citizen.
- 105.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 106.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 107.
See further Gerard Hogan , ‘The Historical Origins of Article 40.6.1º’ in The Irish Constitution: Governance and Values, ed. Carolan and Doyle (Dublin: Thomson Round Hall, 2008), 71.
- 108.
UCDA: P150/2365.
- 109.
18 May 1935 (UCDA: P150/2370). This was sometimes re-cast as ‘true morality’ and ‘social order’. See 15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401). See below for difficulties with this phrasing.
- 110.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 111.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 112.
Article 118 of the 1919 Constitution of the German Reich is another possible precursor, although the censorship model under the Austrian appears closer.
- 113.
21 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2393).
- 114.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 115.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 116.
See commentary by department of finance , 19 March 1937 (UCDA: P67/184): ‘What is the difference between “true” morality and “right” morality?’
- 117.
UCDA: P150/2406.
- 118.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 119.
21 October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2393).
- 120.
Paul O’Higgins, “Blasphemy in Irish Law,” Modern Law Review, 23 (1960): 153.
- 121.
O’Higgins, “Blasphemy in Irish Law,” 153–154.
- 122.
O’Higgins, “Blasphemy in Irish Law,” 160.
- 123.
O’Higgins, “Blasphemy in Irish Law,” 164.
- 124.
See, for example, ss. 19(d) and 26.
- 125.
Michael Kennedy, Ireland and the League of Nations 1919–1946: International Relations, Diplomacy and Politics (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996), 271.
- 126.
Article 118.
- 127.
Article 26(b).
- 128.
UCDA: P150/2365.
- 129.
18 May 1935 (UCDA: P150/2370).
- 130.
6 August 1936 (UCDA: P150/2370).
- 131.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 132.
UCDA: P150/2416.
- 133.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 134.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 135.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 136.
30 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2429).
- 137.
See Leo Kohn, The Constitution of the Irish Free State (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1932), 172: ‘Of the declarations embodying a programme of social, economic or educational reform, which are so characteristic of modern Continental constitutions, the Irish Constitution contains only two.’
- 138.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 139.
Broderick , John Hearne, 178–179.
- 140.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 141.
Ibid.
- 142.
2, 11 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 143.
29–30 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2389).
- 144.
UCDA: P150/2389.
- 145.
The provisions dealing with the family may be found in DDA: AB8/A/V/48.
- 146.
These are to be found in UCDA: P150/2408.
- 147.
UCDA: P150/2393.
- 148.
UCDA: P150/2393. Italics indicate sections which are closely linked to the January draft.
- 149.
5 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 150.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 151.
DDA: AB8/A/V/48.
- 152.
Edward Peters tr., The 1917 or Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2001), 352.
- 153.
DDA: AB8/A/V/48.
- 154.
Undated (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 155.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 156.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 157.
13[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 158.
Article 119: ‘Motherhood has a claim upon the protection and care of the State.’
- 159.
Article 126: ‘Marriage, the family and motherhood shall be under the special protection of the law.’
- 160.
Article 25 provided for ‘the protection of maternity’.
- 161.
Article 103 stated that ‘maternity is protected by special laws’.
- 162.
Article 27(2): ‘It shall be the concern of the State … to give special protection to mothers.’
- 163.
Article 43: ‘The State shall … give protection to maternity.’
- 164.
Article 14: ‘With the object of protecting the family, it appertains to the State and local authorities... to protect maternity.’
- 165.
UCDA: P150/2385.
- 166.
Article 12(1)2.
- 167.
UCDA: P150/2385.
- 168.
2, 11 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 169.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 170.
UCDA: P150/2387. This draft, and the subsequent Y draft, contain the same second line; see further on Article 45.
- 171.
DDA: AB8/A/V/48.
- 172.
UCDA: P150/2408.
- 173.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 174.
Irish Times 30 December 1977.
- 175.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373). On marriage law in Ireland, see Maebh Harding, “Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From a Catholic Protection of Marriage to a ‘Catholic’ approach to Nullity,” in The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, eds. Jane Mair and Esin Örücü (Cambridge: Intersentia, 2011).
- 176.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 177.
Article 119.
- 178.
Haim Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce: Part I The Countries of the European Continent (Palestine, 1937), 48–49.
- 179.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 98–99.
- 180.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 80–84
- 181.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 182–183.
- 182.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 28.
- 183.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 36–37.
- 184.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 20.
- 185.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 21–22.
- 186.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 175.
- 187.
Cohn, The Foreign Laws of Marriage and Divorce, 127.
- 188.
Joseph MacRory , The New Testament and Divorce (Dublin: Burns Oates and Washbourne), 3.
- 189.
Joseph Canavan , “Italy and Divorce,” Irish Monthly, 52 (1924): 235.
- 190.
Peter Finlay, “Divorce in the Free State,” Studies, 13 (1924): 361.
- 191.
13[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373). Emphasis in original.
- 192.
UCDA: P150/2385.
- 193.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 194.
UCDA: P150/2389. Italics indicate changed portion.
- 195.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 196.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 197.
UCDA: P150/2416.
- 198.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 199.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 200.
67 Dáil Debates (4 June 1937) cols. 1882–1886.
- 201.
68 Dáil Debates (9 June 1937) col. 225.
- 202.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 203.
UCDA: P150/2385.
- 204.
UCDA: P150/2395.
- 205.
UCDA: P150/2389.
- 206.
5 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 207.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 208.
Peters tr, The 1917 or Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon, 383.
- 209.
UCDA: P150/2409.
- 210.
UCDA: P150/2395.
- 211.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 212.
13[?] October 1936 (ibid).
- 213.
Article 43.2.
- 214.
UCDA: P150/2373.
- 215.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385)
- 216.
UCDA: P150/2389.
- 217.
5 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2414).
- 218.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 219.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 220.
23 March 1937 (NAI: Taois s.9715B).
- 221.
Ó Neill to de Valera , 8 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2416).
- 222.
See, further, John Henry Whyte, Church and State in Modern Ireland 1923–1979. 2nd ed. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1980), 18–19.
- 223.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 224.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 225.
A Code of Social Principles, 24.
- 226.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 227.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 228.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 229.
13[?] October 1936 (ibid).
- 230.
Article 42.3 provided:
The instruction furnished by the State shall aim not only at physical improvement and the perfecting of the intellectual faculties, but also at the development of character and professional worth and all the moral and civic virtues, in conformity with the principles of Christian doctrine and ethics which are a tradition of the country.
- 231.
It stated: ‘The direction and control of [religious] teaching is the province of the particular religious body, without prejudice to the supreme right of control reserved to the State educational authorities.’
- 232.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 233.
Above, note 947, at 23.
- 234.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 235.
UCDA: P150/2409.
- 236.
10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 237.
UCDA: P150/2370.
- 238.
2 July 1934 (UCDA: P150/2365).
- 239.
13[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 240.
Article 43. A comparable provision is to be found in Article 146 of the 1919 German Constitution , although the textual links are more remote.
- 241.
29–30 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2389).
- 242.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 243.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 244.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 245.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 246.
As quoted by McQuaid (UCDA: P150/2409).
- 247.
12[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2373).
- 248.
See also Broderick , John Hearne, 180.
- 249.
19[?] October 1936 (UCDA: P150/2385).
- 250.
A final article should perhaps be added to these two which declared, inter alia, ‘[i]t shall be the aim of social legislation … to favour the diffusion of property’.
- 251.
2 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 252.
11 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 253.
29–30 January 1937 (UCDA: P150/2389) (italics indicate changes).
- 254.
UCDA: P150/2392.
- 255.
28 Feb 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387). McQuaid later wrote, against the allegations that the use of the term ‘social justice’ would allow a communist government to operate under it, ‘[i]t may be said with truth that a casual reading of the Articles on Rights will not [sic] reveal at once that they are not only not only based on Catholic Social principles, but that they enshrine that teaching, for the most part, in the very words of the papal encyclicals’. (DDA: AB8/A/V/48).
- 256.
1 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2415); 10 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2417).
- 257.
UCDA: P150/2411:
-
1.
2°The State acknowledges further that the exercise of this natural right is, for social needs, absolutely necessary, and guarantees to pass no law attempting to abolish the right of private ownership or the right to transfer and bequeath or inherit property.
-
2.
1°The State recognises, however, that the use by individuals of private property ought, in civil society, to be regulated by the principles of social justice.
2°The State may, accordingly, by law delimit this use when the need arises with a view to reconciling it with the exigencies of the common good.
(1.1°is omitted here and in further quotations as it remains unchanged).
-
1.
- 258.
UCDA: P150/2411 (italics indicate proposed changes).
- 259.
19 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2411).
- 260.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 261.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 262.
See, generally, Agnes Headlam-Morley, The New Democratic Constitutions of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928), 264–291. On Article 45 see also Thomas Murray, Contesting Economic and Social Rights in Ireland: Constitution, State, and Society, 1848–2016 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 112–159.
- 263.
See Gerard Hogan and Gerry Whyte, J. M. Kelly: The Irish Constitution. 4th ed. (Dublin: Butterworths, 2003), 2079.
- 264.
Irish Independent, 15 February 1932. The English title of Quadragesimo Anno was ‘On the Reconstruction of the Social Order’.
- 265.
Undated but post-February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2411).
- 266.
‘Directive Principles’ (UCDA: P150/2411): ‘It has been frequently said that the Directive principles of Social Policy are but pious aspirations, devoid of effective force.’
- 267.
Irish Times, 1 July 1937.
- 268.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 269.
See, for example, comments by department of finance , department of local government and public health, and department of the president of the executive council (NAI: Taois s.9715B).
- 270.
NAI: Taois s.9715B.
- 271.
Hearne to Bewley, 1 April 1937 (NAI: DFA 147/2).
- 272.
NAI: DFA 147/2
- 273.
Bewley to Hearne, 5 April 1937 (ibid).
- 274.
UCDA: P150/2416. It is not clear who the author of this suggestion was.
- 275.
UCDA: P150/2407.
- 276.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 277.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 278.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 279.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 280.
UDCA: P150/2411.
- 281.
UDCA: P150/2411.
- 282.
30 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2429).
- 283.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 284.
As quoted by McQuaid (UCDA: P150/2411).
- 285.
19 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2411).
- 286.
UCDA: P150/2416.
- 287.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 288.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 289.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 290.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 291.
30 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2429).
- 292.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 293.
UCDA: P150/2387.
- 294.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 295.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 296.
30 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2429).
- 297.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 298.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 299.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 300.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 301.
24 April (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 302.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 303.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 304.
28 February 1937 (UCDA: P150/2387).
- 305.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 306.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 307.
UCDA: P150/2411.
- 308.
26 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2428).
- 309.
15 March 1937 (UCDA: P150/2401).
- 310.
24 April 1937 (UCDA: P150/2427).
- 311.
‘It is wrong to abuse the tender years of children or the weakness of woman. Mothers will above all devote their work to the home and the things connected with it.’ (UCDA: P150/2411).
- 312.
Constitutionalism in Ireland, 1932–1938, Chap. 5.
- 313.
68 Dáil Debates (9 June 1937) col. 242.
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Coffey, D.K. (2018). Citizen and State. In: Drafting the Irish Constitution, 1935–1937. Palgrave Modern Legal History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76246-3_6
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