Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ground Transportation Big Data Analytics and Third Party Validation: Solutions for a New Era of Regulation and Private Sector Innovation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Transportation Analytics in the Era of Big Data

Part of the book series: Complex Networks and Dynamic Systems ((CNDS,volume 4))

Abstract

One of the first systematic collections of ground transportation big data was instituted by the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission (“TLC”) in 2004 through the Taxicab Passenger Enhancement Program (“T-PEP”). The T-PEP includes GPS location-based information, a rear-seat passenger information monitor, a driver information monitor, and full integration with the taximeter to convey fare information to the passenger and to transmit massive amounts of data to the selected vendors and to the TLC. Since its inception, T-PEP datasets related to ridership, fares, and traffic patterns have proven to be vital for academia, urban planners, and transportation regulators in conducting market analysis and policy making. In recent years, Transportation Network Companies (“TNCs”) such as Uber and Lyft have significantly changed the dynamics of transportation data. Not only do these companies capture a voluminous amount of data for post-trip analysis, they also rely on big data for their daily operation and strategic planning—in other words, survival! TNCs have fought hard to prevent their data from being released to transportation regulators, frustrating their mission to implement policy, make and enforce regulations. This chapter will examine how big data has been used by both the TLC and TNCs, and more importantly, highlight the pertinent issues within the realm of ground transportation such as data accuracy, security, privacy, transparency, and compliance. Ultimately, this chapter will advocate the need for third-party independent institutions to audit and maintain this data.

The author is the longest serving former Commissioner/Chair and General Counsel of the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, and currently serves as: Distinguished Lecturer at The United States Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Research Center (UTRC Region 2—New York, New Jersey & Puerto Rico) at The City College of New York, of the City University of New York (CUNY); pro bono President of the International Association of Transportation Regulators (IATR); and Partner & Chair of the Transportation Practice Group at the law firm of Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf, LLP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/industry/taxicab_serv_enh_archive.shtml.

  2. 2.

    See Taxi & Limousine Commission 2004 Annual Report to the City of New York, http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/2004_annual_report.pdf.

  3. 3.

    A medallion refers to a small metal plate attached to the hood of a taxi that confers the driver the right to pick up any passengers within New York City.

  4. 4.

    NYC Admin. Code §19-504; New York State adopted the HAIL Act which allowed certain livery vehicles to do street hails outside of the Manhattan business district and airports (Chapter 602 of the Laws of 2011, as amended by Chapter 9 of the Laws of 2012 (“HAIL Act”)).

  5. 5.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/passenger/passenger_creditcard.shtml.

  6. 6.

    In early April 2017, Flywheel was acquired by its competitor Cabconnect through an undisclosed deal. See Ken Yeung, Cabconnect acquires Flywheel in bid to create on-demand taxi platform, VentureBeat, Apr. 7, 2017, https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/07/cabconnect-acquires-flywheel-in-bid-to-create-on-demand-taxi-platform/.

  7. 7.

    Erica Jackson, Flywheel App Comes to New York City, NYC Biz News, Oct. 11, 2016, http://nycbiznews.journalism.cuny.edu/2016/10/flywheel-app-comes-to-new-york-city/.

  8. 8.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/passenger/taxicab_serv_enh.shtml.

  9. 9.

    The ATS will quite likely exclude the PIM in light of constant complaints from drivers and passengers regarding its lack of responsiveness and redundancy.

  10. 10.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/industry/taxicab_serv_enh_archive.shtml.

  11. 11.

    Id.

  12. 12.

    The PCI is an information security standard that protects cardholder data and maintains a secure network for organizations that handle branded credit cards.

  13. 13.

    This can be broken down into time-and-distance fare, MTA tax, tips, tolls, extras and surcharges. It does not include any cash tips.

  14. 14.

    Since July 2016, the TLC only provides taxi zones instead of precise latitude/longitude coordinates for pick-ups and drop-offs. The taxi zones include 265 unique neighborhood areas.

  15. 15.

    See Chicago Taxi Data, https://github.com/toddwschneider/chicago-taxi-data.

  16. 16.

    These are available at http://home2.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/about/statistics.shtml.

  17. 17.

    See Id.

  18. 18.

    See http://rules.cityofnewyork.us/tags/tpep.

  19. 19.

    A Database Management System was defined under the rules as “a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance and use of a database.” See Chapter 76 of the TLC Rules and Regulations, Sec. 76-02 (repealed).

  20. 20.

    Chapter 76 of the TLC Rules and Regulations, “Information Security Rules for Taxicab Technology Service Providers,” repealed in 2016.

  21. 21.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/proposed_rules_fhv_bills_package.pdf; See also R.C.N.Y. Title 35, Chapter 75, Sec. 75-23, Business Requirements—Use of Personal Information and Certain Location-Based Data (effective 08/06/2016).

  22. 22.

    R.C.N.Y. Title 35, Chapter 75, Sec. 75-05 (b)(2)(i).

  23. 23.

    See R.C.N.Y. Title 35, Chapter 75, Sec. 75-03 (ee). (Any information that can specifically identify an individual, such as name, address, social security number, unmasked or non-truncated credit, debit, or prepaid card numbers, together with any other information that relates to an individual who has been so identified, and any other information that is otherwise subject to privacy or confidentiality laws and associated rules and regulations. The display or disclosure of only the last four digits of a credit, debit, or prepaid card number is not Personal Information. The name of a Taxicab Driver and the Driver’s Commission license number is not Personal Information.)

  24. 24.

    See New York General Business Law, Section 899-aa.

  25. 25.

    The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council may change from time to time. See www.pcisecuritystandards.org.

  26. 26.

    See R.C.N.Y. Title 35, Chapter 75, Sec. 75-25(f).

  27. 27.

    Michael M. Grynbaum, New York Traffic Experiment Gets Permanent Run, The New York Times, Feb. 11, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/nyregion/12broadway.html.

  28. 28.

    Alexandre v. NYC TLC, No. 07 Civ. 8175 (RMB), 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73642 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2007).

  29. 29.

    460 U.S. 276 (1983).

  30. 30.

    Id. at 281.

  31. 31.

    Alexandre, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73642 at 32.

  32. 32.

    Id.

  33. 33.

    Id. at 33-34.

  34. 34.

    Alexandre, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73642 at 34.

  35. 35.

    U.S. Const. Amend. V.

  36. 36.

    Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A, Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 538 (2005).

  37. 37.

    Lingle, at 538-539, citing Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U. S. 104 (1978).

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Alexandre, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73642 at 27.

  42. 42.

    McQ’s Enters. v. Phila. Parking Auth., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2130, at 12.

  43. 43.

    Id.

  44. 44.

    Alexandre, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73642, at 29.

  45. 45.

    At the end of April 2017, Juno was acquired by Gett for $200 million. See Brian Solomon, Gett Buys Juno For $200 Million, Uniting Would-Be Uber Competitors, Forbes, Apr. 26, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2017/04/26/gett-buys-juno-for-200-million-uniting-would-be-uber-competitors/#764d63f96089.

  46. 46.

    Matthew Lynley, Travis Kalanick says Uber has 40 million monthly active riders, TechCrunch, Oct. 19, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/19/travis-kalanick-says-uber-has-40-million-monthly-active-riders/.

  47. 47.

    Brad Stone, The $99 Billion Idea: How Uber and Airbnb Won, Bloomberg Businessweek, Jan. 26, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2017-uber-airbnb-99-billion-idea/.

  48. 48.

    Heather Somerville, Lyft lands $600 million in fresh funding; company valued at $7.5 billion, Reuters, Apr. 11, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-funding-idUSKBN17D2I8.

  49. 49.

    See https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_comments/2015/09/00011-97592.pdf.

  50. 50.

    See Transcript of April 6, 2017 Taxi & Limousine Commission Board Meeting, http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/transcript_04_06_2017.pdf.

  51. 51.

    For the first time since 1990–2014, ridership growth in taxi/FHV has outpaced those of public transit, particularly in 2016. Between 2013 and 2016, TNCs added 600 million vehicle miles traveled, exacerbating congestion in NYC. See Bruce Schaller, Unsustainable? The Growth of App-Based Ride Services and Traffic, Travel and the Future of New York City, Feb. 27, 2017, http://schallerconsult.com/rideservices/unsustainable.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Dan Kedmey, This Is How Uber’s ‘Surge Pricing’ Works, Time, Dec. 15, 2014, http://time.com/3633469/uber-surge-pricing/.

  53. 53.

    Stephanie McNeal, People Woke Up and Realized They Spent Hundreds of Dollars On Uber For New Year’s Eve, BuzzFeed, Jan. 1, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/stephaniemcneal/uber-hangover?utm_term=.ehx3W62jqM#.woOg8a4yKN.

  54. 54.

    “Redlining” refers to the formal or informal practice of establishing geographical borders where service will not be offered.

  55. 55.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/faq/Medical-Requirements.

  56. 56.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hours-of-service.

  57. 57.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/international-programs/certification-safety-auditors-safety-investigators-and-drivervehicle.

  58. 58.

    Hogan Lovells: Review and Assessment of Uber’s Privacy Program, p. 3, accessible at https://newsroom.uber.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Full-Report-Review-and-Assessment-of-Ubers-Privacy-Program-01.30.15.pdf.

  59. 59.

    Id.

  60. 60.

    How Uber uses data science to reinvent transportation?, DeZyre, Aug. 4, 2016, https://www.dezyre.com/article/how-uber-uses-data-science-to-reinvent-transportation/290.

  61. 61.

    Catherine Yang, For Now, Business as Usual for Uber in NYC Despite 5 Base Suspensions, The Epoch Times, Jan. 7, 2015, http://m.theepochtimes.com/n3/1183267-for-now-business-as-usual-for-uber-in-nyc-despite-five-base-suspensions/.

  62. 62.

    See https://www.uber.com/legal/usa/privacy.

  63. 63.

    Rebecca Harshbarger, Uber bases suspended after refusing to hand over trip records, Jan. 7, 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/01/07/uber-bases-suspended-after-refusing-to-hand-over-trip-records/.

  64. 64.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/downloads/pdf/cityrecord/cityrecord-02-13-17.pdf.

  65. 65.

    Brad Gerstman, Uber’s objections to city’s driver-fatigue rules ring hollow, Crain’s New York, Jan. 26, 2017, http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20170126/OPINION/170129966/ubers-objections-to-citys-driver-fatigue-rules-ring-hollow.

  66. 66.

    Adam Vaccaro, Uber to Hand Over Trip Data to Boston, Boston.com, Jan. 13, 2015, https://www.boston.com/news/technology/2015/01/13/uber-to-hand-over-trip-data-to-boston.

  67. 67.

    Adam Vaccaro, Boston wants better data from Uber, and is taking a roundabout route to try and get it, Boston.com, June 28, 2016, https://www.boston.com/news/business/2016/06/28/uber-data-boston-wants.

  68. 68.

    Adam Vaccaro, Highly touted Boston-Uber partnership has not lived up to hype so far, Boston.com, June 16, 2016, https://www.boston.com/news/business/2016/06/16/bostons-uber-partnership-has-not-lived-up-to-promise.

  69. 69.

    Alex Davies, Uber’s Mildly Helpful Data Tool Could Help Cities Fix Streets, Wired, Jan. 8, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/uber-movement-traffic-data-tool/.

  70. 70.

    Julia Franz, Uber is making ride-booking data publicly available. Is this a privacy Pandora’s box?, Public Radio International, Feb. 4, 2017, https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-01-21/uber-making-ride-booking-data-publicly-available-privacy-pandora-s-box.

  71. 71.

    Uber Statement Update, posted by Katherine Tassi on June 17, 2016, available at: https://newsroom.uber.com/statement-update/. In March 2015, a former Uber driver based in Portland, Oregon filed a lawsuit against Uber alleging that the company failed to secure and safeguard its drivers’ personally identifiable information, including names, drivers licenses numbers and other personal information, and failed to provide timely and adequate notice to Plaintiff and other class members that their private information had been stolen, in violation of California state law (Antman v. Uber, Case No. 3:15-cv-01175-JCS (N.D. Ca)). Uber subsequently filed a John Doe lawsuit in an attempt to identify the perpetrator of the breach (Uber Technologies, Inc. v. John Doe I, No. C 15-00908 LB (N.D. Cal. March 16, 2015)).

  72. 72.

    Federal Trade Commission, In re: Uber and Consumer Privacy, EPIC Complaint, June 22, 2015, p. 12.

  73. 73.

    Joseph Cox, Stolen Uber Customer Accounts Are for Sale on the Dark Web for $1, Motherboard, March 27, 2015, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/stolen-uber-customer-accounts-are-for-sale-on-the-dark-web-for-1.

  74. 74.

    Ramzy Alwakeel, Londoner hit with £3000 cab bill after ‘hackers’ rack up 142 Uber journeys, The Evening Standard, March 30, 2015, http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/londoner-hit-with-3000-taxi-bill-after-hackers-rack-up-142-uber-journeys-10144655.html.

  75. 75.

    Robert Hackett, Stolen Uber user logins are for sale on the dark web: only $1 each, Fortune, March 30, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/03/30/uber-stolen-account-credentials-alphabay/.

  76. 76.

    Uber agrees to enhance user privacy in NY AG settlement, Jan. 7, 2016, http://pix11.com/2016/01/07/uber-agrees-to-enhance-user-privacy-in-ny-ag-settlement/.

  77. 77.

    Shanifa Nasser, Privacy experts call on Uber to investigate after man gets nearly $1000 bogus bill, CBC News, Oct. 25, 2016, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/privacy-experts-call-on-uber-to-investigate-after-man-gets-nearly-1000-bogus-bill-1.3819640.

  78. 78.

    Kashmir Hill, ‘God View’: Uber Allegedly Stalked Users For Party-Goers’ Viewing Pleasure (Updated), Forbes, Oct. 3, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalked-users-for-party-goers-viewing-pleasure/#9f7f2d23f84e.

  79. 79.

    Craig Timberg, Nancy Scola, and Andrea Peterson, Uber Executive Stirs Up Privacy Controversy, The Washington Post, Nov. 18, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/uber-executive-stirs-up-privacy-controversy/2014/11/18/d0607836-6f61-11e4-ad12-3734c461eab6_story.html?utm_term=.b239144d86de.

  80. 80.

    Ben Smith, Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt On Journalists, BuzzFeed, Nov. 17, 2014, https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uber-executive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists?utm_term=.tf3eA9nYa#.cuBZoLOlx.

  81. 81.

    Johana Bhuiyan and Charlie Warzel, “God View”: Uber Investigates Its Top New York Executive For Privacy Violations, BuzzFeed, Nov. 18, 2014, https://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-york-executive-for-privacy?utm_term=.yla05NMnx#.syoVgKDQZ.

  82. 82.

    Ellen Cushing, Uber Employees Warned a San Francisco Magazine Writer That Executives Might Snoop on Her, San Francisco Magazine, Nov. 19, 2014, http://www.modernluxury.com/san-francisco/story/uber-employees-warned-san-francisco-magazine-writer-executives-might-snoop-her.

  83. 83.

    https://newsroom.uber.com/ubers-data-privacy-policy/.

  84. 84.

    Andrew J. Hawkins, Uber wants to track your location even when you’re not using the app, The Verge, Nov. 30, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13763714/uber-location-data-tracking-app-privacy-ios-android.

  85. 85.

    In the Matter of Uber Technologies, Inc., Federal Trade Commission 152 3054, Complaint, Request for Investigation, Injunction, and Other Relief Submitted by The Electronic Privacy Information Center, https://epic.org/privacy/internet/ftc/uber/Complaint.pdf.

  86. 86.

    See Uber Newsroom, Your Privacy Settings: All in One Place and Easier to Use (Apr. 28, 2017), https://newsroom.uber.com/your-privacy-settings-all-in-one-place-and-easier-to-use/; See also Kate Conger, Uber adds privacy info and easy account deletion, TechCrunch (Apr. 28, 2017), https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/28/uber-adds-privacy-info-and-easy-account-deletion/.

  87. 87.

    Ellen Rosen, Uber Hires Hogan Lovells for Review: Business of Law, Bloomberg, Nov. 21, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-21/uber-hires-hogan-lovells-for-review-business-of-law.

  88. 88.

    Jedidiah Bracy, Uber To Implement Privacy Program Recommendations, International Association of Privacy Professionals, Feb. 2, 2015, https://iapp.org/news/a/uber-to-implement-privacy-program-recommendations/.

  89. 89.

    Evan Schuman, Uber shows how not to do a privacy report, Computerworld, Feb. 5, 2015, http://www.computerworld.com/article/2880596/uber-shows-how-not-to-do-a-privacy-report.html.

  90. 90.

    Michael Horn, Uber, Disruptive Innovation And Regulated Markets, Forbes, June 20, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhorn/2016/06/20/uber-disruptive-innovation-and-regulated-markets/#140ed07237fb.

  91. 91.

    Mike Isaac, How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide, The New York Times, March 3, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/uber-greyball-program-evade-authorities.html.

  92. 92.

    Id.; Lori Aratani, Virginia officials order Uber, Lyft to stop operating in the state, The Washington Post, June 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/05/virginia-officials-order-uber-lyft-to-stop-operating-in-the-state/?utm_term=.64e77d1054e8.

  93. 93.

    Liz Gannes, It’s Not Just Uber: Tech Companies Snooping on Users Is All Too Common, Recode, Nov. 20, 2014, http://www.recode.net/2014/11/20/11633100/tech-companies-snooping-on-users-creepy-and-common.

  94. 94.

    Liz Gannes, Lyft Limits Employee Access to Data After Re/code Report, Recode, Nov. 21, 2014, http://www.recode.net/2014/11/21/11633164/lyft-limits-employee-access-to-data-after-recode-report.

  95. 95.

    Garcia v. Enter. Holdings, Inc., 78F. Supp. 3d 1125 (N.D. Cal., January 23, 2015).

  96. 96.

    Id. at 1130.

  97. 97.

    Id. at 1134.

  98. 98.

    See https://newsroom.uber.com/transparency-report-2015/.

  99. 99.

    Duncan Macrae, Uber Driver/Customer Data Sharing Raises Privacy Concerns, TechWeekEurope, April 13, 2016, http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/e-regulation/legal/uber-drivercustomer-data-sharing-raises-privacy-concerns-189921#HatvxQXEXXj52KA3.99.

  100. 100.

    In the FTC’s seminal 2012 report, Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change (“2012 Privacy Report”), the Commission made plain its “particular concerns of location data in the mobile context” and called on “entities involved in the mobile ecosystem to work together to establish standards that address data collection, transfer, use, and disposal, particularly for location data.” (http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-report-protecting-consumer-privacy-era-rapid-change-recommendations/120326privacyreport.pdf.) Since then, the FTC has issued further guidelines advising mobility app companies on best practices with respect to the development of privacy policies and practices (http://www.business.ftc.gov/documents/bus81-marketing-your-mobile-app; http://www.business.ftc.gov/documents/bus83-mobile-app-developers-start-security; http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/mobile-privacy-disclosures-building-trust-through-transparency-federal-trade-commission-staff-report/130201mobileprivacyreport.pdf).

  101. 101.

    Ron Hirson, Uber: The Big Data Company, Forbes, March 23, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronhirson/2015/03/23/uber-the-big-data-company/#3f3899318c7f.

  102. 102.

    See https://newsroom.uber.com/revving-up-rider-rewards-with-starwood-hotels/.

  103. 103.

    Ron Hirson, Uber: The Big Data Company, Forbes, March 23, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronhirson/2015/03/23/uber-the-big-data-company/#3f3899318c7f.

  104. 104.

    http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/electric_taxi_task_force_report_20131231.pdf.

  105. 105.

    Xinwu Qian, Xianyuan Zhan and Satish V. Ukkusuri, Characterizing Urban Dynamics Using Large Scale Taxicab Data, http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783319183190-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1508574-p177357756.

  106. 106.

    Xinwu Qian and Satish V. Ukkusuri, Spatial variation of the urban taxi ridership using GPS data, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273792532_Spatial_variation_of_the_urban_taxi_ridership_using_GPS_data.

  107. 107.

    Ender Faruk Morgul and Kaan Ozbay, Ph.D., Revisiting Labor Supply of New York City Taxi Drivers: Empirical Evidence from Large-scale Taxi Data, http://engineering.nyu.edu/citysmart/trbpaper/15-3331.pdf.

  108. 108.

    Xinwu Qian and Satish V. Ukkusuri, Time-of-Day Pricing in Taxi Markets, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308308542_Time-of-Day_Pricing_in_Taxi_Markets.

  109. 109.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/passenger/shl_passenger_background.shtml.

  110. 110.

    Emily Badger, Uber offers cities an olive branch: your valuable trip data” The Washington Post, Jan. 13, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/01/13/uber-offers-cities-an-olive-branch-its-valuable-trip-data/?utm_term=.5e54580cdda2.

  111. 111.

    Adam Vaccaro, Highly touted Boston-Uber partnership has not lived up to hype so far, Boston.com, June 16, 2016, https://www.boston.com/news/business/2016/06/16/bostons-uber-partnership-has-not-lived-up-to-promise.

  112. 112.

    Id.

  113. 113.

    Id.

  114. 114.

    See id. Note: Emails show that the city agreed to the zip code limitations as the agreement was drafted in early 2015.

  115. 115.

    Id.

  116. 116.

    Id.

  117. 117.

    World Health Organization Europe, Health effect of transport-related air pollution, 2005, http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/74715/E86650.pdf.

  118. 118.

    Felix Salmon, The economics of “everyone’s private driver”, Medium, June 1, 2014, https://medium.com/@felixsalmon/the-economics-of-everyones-private-driver-464bfd730b38#.orq4df9gv.

  119. 119.

    See http://rules.cityofnewyork.us/content/driver-fatigue-rules.

  120. 120.

    See Vision Zero: A Technology, Legal and Policy Overview (New York City & Beyond); TLC Magazine; Black Car News, June 2014; available at: http://www.tlc-mag.com/archive_issues/in_focus_july14.html.

  121. 121.

    The bills require the City to, among other things: study left hand turns and how to make arterial streets safer as part of a study of pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries due every 5 years; create at least 7 slow zones and 50 slow zones around schools annually, and report on these slow zones annually; suspend the license of any taxi driver who receives a summons for causing a critical injury or death, as well as lifting the suspension of a driver if cleared of charges, and to revoke the driver’s license if found guilty; make failure to yield to a pedestrian or bicyclist a traffic infraction, as well as make contact with a pedestrian crossing the street a misdemeanor unless the pedestrian initiated contact; and create enhanced penalties for dangerous taxi and for-hire vehicle drivers.

  122. 122.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/html/industry/veh_safety_tech_pilot_program.shtml.

  123. 123.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/tlc_black_box_rfi_final.pdf.

  124. 124.

    Jonathan Lemire, New York City Council passes Vision Zero legislation, The Associated Press, May 29, 2014, http://abc7ny.com/traffic/nyc-council-passes-vision-zero-traffic-safety-legislation/83340/.

  125. 125.

    See http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/second_vehicle_safety_technology_report.pdf.

  126. 126.

    Barry Nalebuff and Ian Ayres, Why Not?: How to Use Everyday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small, Harvard Business School Press, 2003.

  127. 127.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/faq/Medical-Requirements.

  128. 128.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hours-of-service.

  129. 129.

    See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/international-programs/certification-safety-auditors-safety-investigators-and-drivervehicle.

  130. 130.

    See https://tti.tamu.edu/policy/technology/tnc-legislation/.

  131. 131.

    For example, although many taxicab and limousine companies utilize a digital platform such as a website or App allowing passengers to book trips, Tennessee defines a TNC as “a business entity operating in this state that uses a digital network to connect riders to TNC services by TNC drivers” and explicitly distinguishes a TNC “from a taxi service, limousine service, shuttle service, or any other private passenger transportation services that are regulated pursuant to present law.” See https://trackbill.com/bill/tn-hb992-transportation-dept-of-as-enacted-enacts-the-transportation-network-company-services-act-amends-tca-title-7-title-54-title-55-title-56-and-title-65/1135990/.

  132. 132.

    See Assembly Bill No. 1289, Chapter 740, approved by the Governor on September 28, 2016, available at: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1289.

  133. 133.

    State of California Public Utilities Commission, Transportation License Section State of California Public Utilities Commission Basic Information for Transportation Network Companies and Applicants, p. 4, http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedfiles/cpuc_public_website/content/licensing/transportation_network_companies/basicinformationfortncs_7615.pdf.

  134. 134.

    See Code of Colorado Regulations, Sections 6700, et seq. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8qvU2knU8BkRHhad0EwZVVuVTA/view.

  135. 135.

    Adam Vaccaro and Dan Adams, Thousands of current Uber, Lyft drivers fail new background checks, The Boston Globe, April 5, 2017, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/04/05/uber-lyft-ride-hailing-drivers-fail-new-background-checks/aX3pQy6Q0pJvbtKZKw9fON/story.html.

  136. 136.

    Id.

  137. 137.

    Id.

  138. 138.

    Id.; Joel Eisenbaum, Houston mayor: 50 percent of Uber driver applicants have criminal record, Click2Houston, March 30, 2017, http://www.click2houston.com/news/investigates/houston-mayor-50-percent-of-uber-driver-applicants-have-criminal-record.

  139. 139.

    FOIL laws usually have provisions for information determined to be exempt from disclosure for public policy reasons. For instance, New York State’s FOIL Law contains exemptions for certain information including information that if disclosed would constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. (See NYS Public Officers Law §87(2)). The newly adopted New York State TNC law exempts from public disclosure the names and identifying information of TNC drivers obtained for an audit (See New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law §1698 2., effective June 29, 2017).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Matthew W. Daus

Authors
  1. Matthew W. Daus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew W. Daus .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

    Satish V. Ukkusuri

  2. Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Chao Yang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Daus, M.W. (2019). Ground Transportation Big Data Analytics and Third Party Validation: Solutions for a New Era of Regulation and Private Sector Innovation. In: Ukkusuri, S., Yang, C. (eds) Transportation Analytics in the Era of Big Data. Complex Networks and Dynamic Systems, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75862-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation