Abstract
Generally, city forests are popular places, as most other chapters of this book will show. Yet, like all forests, they also have a ‘darker’ side. Jones and Cloke (2002) mention that ‘places of trees’ can be places of fear as well as of exclusion. In his account of his childhood in Des Moines, Iowa, author Bill Bryson (2007, p. 159) characterises local woods as follows: “The woods were unnerving. The air was thicker in there, more stifling, the noises different. You could go into the woods and not come out again. One certainly never considered them as thoroughfare. They were too vast for that.” Van den Berg and Konijnendijk (2017) talk of ‘ambivalent landscape’ that evoke feelings of both fear and love.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literature
Anema, K. (1999). Het Haagse Bos. Abcoude: Staatsbosbeheer and Uitgeverij Uniepers. (in Dutch).
Appleton, J. (1996). The experience of landscape (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
Bell, S., Thompson, C. W., & Travlou, P. (2004). Contested views of freedom and control: Children, teenagers and urban fringe woodlands in Central Scotland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2(2), 87–100.
Berglund, E. (2007). The fear factor. Green Places, 2007(38), 24–25.
Bryson, B. (2007). The life and times of the thunderbolt kid – Travels through my childhood. London: Transworld Publishers.
Bues, C.-T., & Triebel, J. (2004). Urbane Forstwirtschaft – eine neue Herausforderung. Stadt + Grün, 2004(4), 37–41. (in German).
Burgess, J. (1995). ‘Growing in confidence’ – Understanding people’s perceptions of urban fringe woodlands. Countryside Commission: Technical Report. Cheltenham.
CDC. (2017). Lyme disease data tables. Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control. Retrieved November 25, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/tables.html
City of London Corporation. (2007). Highgate Wood. Information leaflet. Retrieved August 3, 2007 from City of London Web site: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/living_environment/open_spaces/highgate_wood.htm.
Coatney, L.R. (1993). The Katyn Massacre: An assessment of its significance as a public and historical issue in the United States and Great Britain, 1940–1993. Master thesis. Western Illinois University, Department of History. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from IBiblio Web site: http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/wwii/special.studies/katyn.massacre/katynlrc.txt.
Créton, R. (2006, September 17). Zweedse strijd om wolven. De Telegraaf, T6. (in Dutch).
Cronon, W. (1996b). The trouble with wilderness; or, getting back to the wrong nature. In W. Cronon (Ed.), Uncommon ground. Rethinking the human place in nature (pp. 69–90). New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company.
D’Amato, G. D., Cecchi, L., Bonini, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T., & van Cauwenberge, P. (2007). Allergic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy, 62(9), 976–990.
Dings, M., & Munk, K. (2006). Parkgeluk. HP De Tijd, 12 May 2006, 4249 (in Dutch).
Dwyer, J., Schroeder, H. W., & Gobster, P. (1991). The significance of urban trees and forests: Towards a deeper understanding of values. Journal of Arboriculture, 17(10), 276–284.
Forest of Dean Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership. (2005). Forest of dean crime and disorder reduction strategy 2005–2008. Retrieved 4 Dec 2007 from Forest of Dean Partnership Web site: http://www.forestofdeanpartnership.org.uk/content.asp?nav=54&parent_directory_id=29.
Forestry Commission Wales. (2007). FC Wales launches forest watch scheme to fight crime. News release no. 9814, July 17, 2007. Retrieved 4 Dec 2007 from Forestry Commission Web site: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/NewsRele.nsf/WebPressReleases/BF456A115EF8FEA180257313003D7A5C.
Gallagher, W. (1993). The power of place: How our surroundings shape our thoughts, emotions and actions. New York: Harper Collins.
Green, G. (1996). Epping Forest through the ages. Fifth edition. Ilford, Essex: published by author.
Hammer, J. (2002). First person global. Newsweek, 2002(March 4), 5.
Husson, J. P. (1995). Les forêts françaises. Nancy: Press universitaires de Nancy. (in French).
Jeanrenaud, S. (2001). Communities and forest management in Western Europe. InA regional profile of WG – CIFM, the working group on community involvement in Forest management (pp. 15–31). Gland: IUCN.
Jones, O., & Cloke, P. (2002). Tree cultures – The place of trees and trees in their place. Oxford/New York: Berg.
Jorgensen, A., & Anthopoulou, A. (2007). Enjoyment and fear in urban woodlands – Does age make a difference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(4), 267–278.
Jorgensen, A., Hitchmough, J., & Dunnet, N. (2006). Woodland as a setting for housing-appreciation and fear and the contribution of residential satisfaction and place identity in Warrington new town, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3–4), 273–287.
Khurana, N. (2006). Is there a role for trees in crime prevention? Arborist News August, 2006, 26–28.
Konijnendijk, C.C. (1999). Urban forestry in Europe: A comparative study of concepts, policies and planning for forest conservation, management and development in and around major European cities. Doctoral dissertation. Research Notes No. 90. Joensuu: Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu.
Kuo, F. E., Babaicoa, M., & Sullivan, W. C. (1998). Transforming inner-city landscapes. Trees, sense of place and preference. Environment & Behavior, 30(1), 28–59.
Lehmann, A. (1999). Von menschen und Bäumen. Die Deutschen und ihr Wald. Reinbek: Rowohtl Verlag. (in German).
Lyytimäki, J. (2017). Disservices of urban trees. Chapter 12, in: Ferrini, F., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., & Fini, A. (eds.), Routledge handbook of urban forestry (pp. 164–176). London/New York: Routledge.
Milligan, C., & Bingley, A. (2007). Restorative places or scary spaces? The impact of woodland on the mental well-being of young adults. Health & Place, 13, 799–811.
Muir, R. (2005). Ancient trees, living landscapes. Stroud: Tempus.
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Nibbering, C., & Van Geel, R. (1993). Zucht naar de kathedraal: beleving en beheer in de Haarlemmerhout. Groen, 1993(12), 26–29. (in Dutch).
Nolan, B. (2006). Phoenix Park. A history and guidebook. Dublin: The Liffey Press.
Nowak, D. J., Walton, J. T., Dwyer, J. F., Kaya, L. G., & Myeong, S. (2005). The increasing influence of urban environments on US Forest management. Journal of Forestry, 103(8), 377–382.
O’Brien, L., & Murray, R. (2007). Forest School and its impacts on young children: Case studies in Britain. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 6(4), 249–265.
Pendleton, M. R., & Thompson, H. L. (2000). The criminal career of park and recreation hotspots. Parks & Recreation, 35(7), 56–63.
Porteous, A. (2002). The forest in folklore and mythology. Reprint of 1928 original. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Ransford, M. (1999). Fear spreading faster than Lyme disease. Newscenter, Ball State University, November 10, 1999. Retrieved 3 Dec 2007 from Ball State University Web site: http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0,1370,-1019-974,00.html.
Rydberg, D. (1998). Urban forestry in Sweden - Silvicultural aspects focusing on young forests. Doctoral thesis. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae - Silvestria 73. Umeå: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
Schama, S. (1995). Landscape and memory. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
Sieghardt, M., Mursch-Radlgruber, E., Paoletti, E., Couenberg, E., Dimitrakopoulus, A., Rego, F., Hatzistathis, A., & Randrup, T. B. (2005). The abiotic environment: Impact of urban growing conditions on urban vegetation. In C. C. Konijnendijk, K. Nilsson, T. B. Randrup, & J. Schipperijn (Eds.), Urban forests and trees – A reference book (pp. 313–315). Berlin etc.: Springer.
Simson, A. (2001a). Art, a gateway that leads to understanding the urban forest? In: C.C. Konijnendijk, & Flemish Forest Organisation (Eds.), Communicating and financing urban forests. Proceedings of the 2nd and 3rd IUFRO European Forum on Urban Forestry, Aarhus (May 1999) and Budapest (May 2000) (pp. 23–32). Brussels: Afdeling Bos en Groen, Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap.
Simson, A. (2007b). Urban Wildscapes. Conference report. Green Places, 2007(409), 38–39.
Smith, S. (2007b). Making it safe. Green Places, 2007(34), 47.
Sreetheran, M., & Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C. (2014). A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces –a systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1), 1–18.
Suau, L., & Confer, J. (2005). Parks and the geography of fear. In: J.G. Peden, & R.M. Schuster (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2005 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, April 10–12, Bolton Landing, NY (pp. 273–278). GTR-NE-341. Newtown Square: U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
Taylor, A.F., Kuo, F.E. (2006). Is contact with nature important for healthy child development? State of evidence. In: Ch. Spencer, & M. Blades (Eds.), Children and their environments: Learning, using and designing spaces (pp. 124–140). Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press.
‘The Battle of Epping Forest’. (2007). Wikipedia entry. Retrieved 24 July 2007 from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Epping_Forest.
Thompson, C. W., Travlou, P., & Roe, J. (2006). Free-range teenagers: The role of wild adventure space in young people’s lives. InFinal report, prepared for Natural England. Edinburgh: OPENspace.
Fachbereich Umwelt und Stadtgrün. (2004). Stadtwälder in Hannover – Die Eilenriede. Hannover (in German).
Vallejo, R. (2005). Managing forest fires near urban areas in Mediterranean countries. In C. C. Konijnendijk, J. Schipperijn, & K. Nilsson (Eds.), COST action E12: Urban forests and trees - proceedings no 2 (pp. 225–233). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Gazet van Antwerpen. (2007). Marc Dutroux – Monster of zielepoot? Dossier Dutroux. Retrieved 29 Oct 2007 from Gazet van Antwerpen Web Site:. http://www.gva.be/dossiers/-d/dutroux/dossier.asp (in Dutch).
Van den Berg, A., & Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C. (2017). Ambivalence towards nature and natural landscapes. Chapter 7. In L. Steg, A. E. Van den Berg, & J. I. M. De Groot (Eds.), Environmental psychology: An introduction (2nd ed., pp. 67–76). Chichester: BPS Blackwell.
Van den Berg, A. E., & Ter Heijne, M. (2004). Angst voor de natuur: een theoretische en empirische verkenning. Landschap, 2004(3), 137–145. (in Dutch).
Van Winsum-Westra, M., & De Boer, T.A. (2004). (On)veilig in bos & natuur. Een verkenning van subjectieve en objectieve aspecten van sociale en fysieke veiligheid in bos- en natuurgebieden. Alterra Rapport 1060. Wageningen: Alterra. (in Dutch).
Worpole, K., & Knox, K. (2007). The social values of public spaces. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Konijnendijk, C.C. (2018). The Forest of Fear. In: The Forest and the City. Future City, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75076-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75076-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75075-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75076-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)