Abstract
In this addendum, Moster discusses Hakon Hjelmqvist’s identification of two citrus seeds at Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus, dating to about 1200 BCE. Moster explains why the scientific methodology of this 1979 identification is flawed. He also explains why the research this identification is based on, that is, Victor Loret’s 1891 identification of an etrog tree at a temple in Karnak, Egypt, should be discounted.
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Notes
- 1.
Hakon Hjelmqvist , “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus,” in Hala Sultan Tekke, 5: Excavations in Area 22, 1971–1973 and 1975–1978, ed. Ulla Öbrink (Göteborg: P. Åströms, 1979), 113–14.
- 2.
Scholars such as Judah Feliks and Zohar Amar have in fact used Hjelmqvist’s research to conclude that the etrog existed in the land of Israel from time immemorial. See Judah Feliks, “Fruit of the Beautiful Tree—The Etrog,” Beit Mikra 150.3 (1997): 289; Zohar Amar, Four Species Anthology (Neve Ṣuf: Zohar Amar, 2009), 30.
- 3.
A similar concern was expressed by Dafna Langgut et al., “Fossil Pollen Reveals the Secrets of the Royal Persian Garden at Ramat Rahel , Jerusalem,” Palynology 37.1 (2013): 124: “But these remains have not yet been directly dated to confirm their antiquity.”
- 4.
Hjelmqvist , “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus,” 113; J. G. Vaughan, The Structure and Utilization of Oil Seeds (London: Chapman and Hall, 1970).
- 5.
Hjelmqvist , “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus,” 113.
- 6.
See Victor Loret , “Le Cédratier Dans L’Antiquité,” Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon (1890): 260–77; Victor Loret , La Flore Pharaonique D’Après Les Documents Hieroglyphiques Et Les Specimens (Paris: Leroux, 1892), 101–2; E Bonavia, “The Antiquity of the Citron-Tree in Egypt,” Babylon. Orient. Rec. 6 (1892): 203–8.
- 7.
Hjelmqvist , “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus,” 113.
- 8.
Nathalie Beaux, Le Cabinet de Curiosités de Thoutmosis III: Plantes et Animaux du “Jardin Botanique” de Karnak (Leuven: Peeters, 1990), 192–95.
- 9.
Hjelmqvist , “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus,” 113–14.
Photographic Credits
Fig. 6.1 Loret , “Le Cédratier Dans L’Antiquité,” 264.
Fig. 6.2 The Yorck Project, Maler Der Grabkammer Des Sennufer 001, Photograph, 2002, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennufer_001.jpg.
Fig. 6.3 Norman de Garis Davies and Nina de Garis Davies, Two Ramesside Tombs at Thebes (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1927), fig. 39, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/557827.
Fig. 6.4 Norman de Garis Davies, Userhat and Wife Receiving Offerings, Tomb of Userhat, 1930, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545135.
Fig. 6.4 Eisnel, Ancient Egyptian Art Depicting Apep Battling a Deity, 2004, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apep_in_ancient_Egyptian_art#/media/File:Apep_2.jpg.
Bibliography
Amar, Zohar. Four Species Anthology. Neve Ṣuf: Zohar Amar, 2009.
Beaux, Nathalie. Le Cabinet de Curiosités de Thoutmosis III: Plantes et Animaux du “Jardin Botanique” de Karnak. Leuven: Peeters, 1990.
Bonavia, E. “The Antiquity of the Citron-Tree in Egypt.” Babylon. Orient. Rec. 6 (1892): 203–8.
Eisnel. Ancient Egyptian Art Depicting Apep Battling a Deity, 2004. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apep_in_ancient_Egyptian_art#/media/File:Apep_2.jpg.
Feliks, Judah. “Fruit of the Beautiful Tree – The Etrog.” Beit Mikra 150.3 (1997): 288–92.
de Garis Davies, Norman. Userhat and Wife Receiving Offerings, Tomb of Userhat, 1930. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545135.
de Garis Davies, Norman, and Nina de Garis Davies. Two Ramesside Tombs at Thebes. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1927. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/557827.
Hjelmqvist, Hakon. “Some Economic Plants and Weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus.” Pages 110–32 in Hala Sultan Tekke, 5: Excavations in Area 22, 1971–1973 and 1975–1978. Edited by Ulla Öbrink. Göteborg: P. Åströms, 1979.
Langgut, Dafna, Yuval Gadot, Naomi Porat, and Oded Lipschits. “Fossil Pollen Reveals the Secrets of the Royal Persian Garden at Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem.” Palynology 37.1 (2013): 115–29.
Loret, Victor. La Flore Pharaonique D’Après Les Documents Hieroglyphiques Et Les Specimens. Paris: Leroux, 1892.
———. “Le Cédratier Dans L’Antiquité.” Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon (1890): 260–77.
The Yorck Project. Maler Der Grabkammer Des Sennufer 001. Photograph, 2002. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennufer_001.jpg.
Vaughan, J. G. The Structure and Utilization of Oil Seeds. London: Chapman and Hall, 1970.
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Moster, D.Z. (2018). Addendum: Hala Sultan Tekke and Karnak. In: Etrog. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73736-2_6
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