Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has been shown to play an important role in different pathologies, with particular relevance in cardiovascular diseases. Although different compounds and strategies have been shown to have cardioprotection in experimental models for ischaemia reperfusion injury, so far none of them was effective when translated to clinical practice. The poor clinical success is based in part on the fact that the molecular identity of the pore and its regulators is not completely understood. Additionally, most of the molecules tested have low bioavailability, with only a reduced percentage reaching mitochondria, preventing mPTP opening. The mitochondrial-targeting strategies should be a promising solution to increase the selectivity of compounds to the mPTP, reducing also their potential side effects. In this chapter we perform an integrative description of the effects of different mPTP inhibitors, that directly target one of the mPTP components, as well as developed strategies for desensitizing or inhibition of mPTP through indirect pathways. Moreover, strategies that inhibit mPTP opening by modulating mitochondrial calcium uptake, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular pH, as well as protocols of ischaemia and temperature preconditioning are also included. As a new perspective, we emphasize what should be clarified in the future in order to find potential cardioprotective strategies that may be successfully translated to clinical practice.
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- 6-MeAla-CsA:
-
NMe-Ala-6-cyclosporin A
- β-AR:
-
β-Adrenergic receptors
- ΔΨm:
-
Mitochondria membrane potential
- Akt:
-
Phosphoinositide-dependent serine/threoninekinase
- AMI:
-
Acute myocardial infarction
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- ANT:
-
Adenine nucleotide translocator
- BAPTA-AM:
-
1,2-bis(2-Aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N9,N9-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester
- Bax:
-
Bcl-2 associated X protein
- BKA:
-
Bongkrekic acid
- BNP:
-
B-Type natriuretic peptide
- CAGB:
-
Coronary artery bypass grafting
- CaMKII:
-
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein Kinase II
- CDZ:
-
4′-Chlorodiazepam
- cGMP:
-
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- CsA:
-
Cyclosporin A
- CsA-NP:
-
Nanoparticles poly-lactic/glycolic acid incorporated with CsA
- CVDs:
-
Cardiovascular diseases
- Cyp-D:
-
Cyclophilin D
- Debio-025:
-
D-3-Methyl-Ala-4-ethyl-Val-CsA
- DKO:
-
Double knockout
- DMA:
-
Dimethylamiloride
- DPAG:
-
Dipyruvyl-acetyl-glycerol
- Drp-1:
-
Dynamin-related protein-1
- EP:
-
Ethyl pyruvate
- Epac:
-
Exchange protein activated by cAMP
- EPO:
-
Erythropoietin
- Erk:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ETC:
-
Electron transport chain
- GS:
-
Donor S-nitrosoglutathione
- GSK3-β:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- hANP:
-
Human atrial natriuretic peptide
- HK-II:
-
Hexokinase-II
- I/R:
-
Ischaemia/reperfusion
- IMM:
-
Inner mitochondrial membrane
- IP:
-
Ischaemic preconditioning
- KO:
-
Knockout
- LIF:
-
Leukaemia inhibitory factor
- MCU:
-
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
- Mfn-1 and 2:
-
Mitochondrial fusion-1 and 2
- MitoQ:
-
Mitoquinone
- mKATP :
-
Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels
- mNHE:
-
Mitochondrial sodium/proton exchangers
- mPTP:
-
Mitochondrial permeability transition
- mtCK:
-
Mitochondrial creatine kinase
- mtCSA:
-
Mitochondrial-targeted CsA
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NEM:
-
N-Ethylmaleimide
- NHE:
-
Sodium/proton exchangers
- NIM811:
-
N-Methyl-4-isoleucine-CsA
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- OMM:
-
Outer mitochondria membrane
- OPA1:
-
Optic atrophy 1
- OSCP:
-
Oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein
- PAO:
-
Phenylarsine oxide
- PCI:
-
Percutaneous coronary intervention
- pHi:
-
Internal pH
- Pi3k:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PiC:
-
Phosphate carrier protein
- PKA:
-
Protein kinase A
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- PKG:
-
protein kinase G
- PTMs:
-
Post-translational modifications
- Pyr2:
-
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2
- RI:
-
Reperfusion injury
- RIPC:
-
Remote ischaemic preconditioning
- RISK:
-
Reperfusion injury salvage kinase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RuR:
-
Ruthenium red
- SfA:
-
Sanglifehrin A
- sh-RNA:
-
Short-hairpin RNA
- SIRT3:
-
Sirtuin 3
- SkQs:
-
Plastoquinone
- SNO:
-
S-Nitrosylation
- SS:
-
Szeto-Schiller
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STEMI:
-
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- TP:
-
Temperature preconditioning
- TPP:
-
Triphenylphosphonium (TPP)
- TRO40303:
-
3,5-Seco-4-nor-cholestan-5-one oxime-3-ol
- TSPO:
-
Translocator protein of 18 kDa
- VDAC:
-
Voltage-dependent anion channel
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Acknowledgments
Work in the authors laboratory is funded by FEDER funds through the Operational Programme Competitiveness Factors -COMPETE and national funds by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under research grants PTDC/DTP-FTO/2433/2014, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016659, and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440. Filomena Silva is recipient of a Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the Foundation for Science and Technology, SFRH/BPD/122648/2016.
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Silva, F.S.G., Costa, C.F., Marques, R.J., Oliveira, P.J., Pereira, G.C. (2018). Pharmacological Targeting of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore for Cardioprotection. In: Oliveira, P. (eds) Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73344-9_20
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