Abstract
It is well established that physical exercise imposes increased levels of mechanical and metabolic stress to the human organism, altering the homeostasis and stimulating the inherent ability of tissues to structurally and functionally adapt to cope with the inflicted challenges. These adaptations usually result in an increased resistance against the harmful effects characterizing senescence as well as those associated with disease conditions. These include muscle myopathies, cardiac dysfunction induced by ischaemia-reperfusion, obesity, diabetes or toxicants exposure, liver and neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, exercise may directly alter cellular energy status or increase mechanical load in contractile tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles, and may also indirectly induce an endocrine-like effect through the release of distinct molecules by striated muscles, which may exert consequent stimulation in non-contractile tissues, such as brain, liver or adipocytes. Mitochondrial remodelling is among the most important mechanisms targeted by exercise that contribute to the mentioned protective phenotype. The powerful influence of exercise in mitochondrial physiology include favourable changes in bioenergetics and substrate utilization, alterations in redox homeostasis, changes in network dynamics through biogenesis, fusion and fission mechanisms, an important involvement in the control of cellular death mechanisms as well as influence in cell signalling, autophagy-related renewal and quality control processes. The present review analyses the effects of exercise in the modulation of mitochondrial physiology, examining distinct proposed mechanisms targeting mitochondria and potentially responsible tissue boosting and consequent defect rescuing. The emerging role of epigenetic-based contribution to these cross-tolerance effects is also addressed.
Jorge Beleza and David Rizo-Roca contributed equally to this work.
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Beleza, J., Rizo-Roca, D., Ascensão, A., Magalhães, J. (2018). Targeting Mitochondria with Sweat: Improving Mitochondrial Function with Physical Activity. In: Oliveira, P. (eds) Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73344-9_18
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