Abstract
Age-related anatomical and physiological changes have wide-ranging effects on the functioning of older adults. Changes across organ systems occur in heterogeneous patterns according to genetic and lifestyle differences among individuals. This section reviews age-associated changes in the musculoskeletal, integumentary, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, renal, genitourinary, and sensory organ systems. Treatment modifications are often necessary to account for these changes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
DuBeau CE. The aging lower urinary tract. J Urol. 2006;175(3):S11–5.
Fulop T Jr, Worum I, Csongor J, et al. Body composition in elderly people: determination of body composition by multiisotope method and the elimination kinetics of these isotopes in healthy elderly subjects. Gerontology. 1985;31(1):6–14.
Leventhal EA, Burns EA. The biology of aging. In: Sadavoy J, Jarvik LF, Grossberg GT, et al., editors. Comprehensive textbook of geriatric psychiatry. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company; 2004. p. 105–30.
Tchkonia T, Morbeck DE, Zglinicki T, et al. Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. Aging Cell. 2010;9(5):667–84.
Loeser RF. Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010;26(3):371–86.
Kammeyer A, Luiten RM. Oxidation events and skin aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;21:16–29.
Ashcroft GS, Mills SJ, Ashworth JJ. Ageing and wound healing. Biogerontology. 2002;3:337–45.
Folkow B, Svanborg A. Physiology of cardiovascular aging. Physiol Rev. 1993;73:725–64.
Van de Veire NR, De Backer J, Ascoop AK, et al. Echocardiographically estimated left ventricular end-diastolic and right ventricular systolic pressure in normotensive healthy individuals. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2006;22(5):633–41.
Stratton JR, Cerqueira MD, Schwartz RS, et al. Differences in cardiovascular responses to isoproterenol in relation to age and exercise training in healthy men. Circulation. 1992;86(2):504–12.
Kitzman DW, Scholz DG, Hagen PT, et al. Age-related changes in normal human hearts during the first 10 decades of life. Part II (maturity): a quantitative anatomic study of 765 specimens from subjects 20 to 99 years old. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63(2):137–46.
Taylor BJ, Johnson BD. The pulmonary circulation and exercise responses in the elderly. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31(5):528–38.
Kronenberg RS, Drage CW. Attenuation of the ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia with aging in normal men. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(8):1812–9.
Lalley P. The aging respiratory system—pulmonary structure, function and neural control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;187(3):199–210.
Grassi M, Petraccia L, Mennuni G, et al. Changes, functional disorders, and diseases in the gastrointestinal tract of elderly. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26(4):659–68.
O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Quigley EM. Aging and intestinal motility: a review of factors that affect intestinal motility in the aged. Drugs Aging. 2002;19(7):515–27.
Schmucker DL, Sanchez H. Liver regeneration and aging: a current perspective. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2011;2001:8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/526379.
Schmucker D. Age-related changes in liver structure and function: implications for disease? Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(8–9):650–9.
Wynne HA, Cope LH, Mutch E, et al. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology. 1989;9(2):297–301.
Anantharaju A, Feller A, Chedid A. Aging Liver. A review. Gerontology. 2002;48(6):343–53.
Woodhouse K, Wynne HA. Age-related changes in hepatic function. Implications for drug therapy. Drugs Aging. 1992;2(3):243–55.
Desai AK, Morley JE. The aging body and brain. In: Agronin ME, Maletta GJ, editors. Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry, vol. 1. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 4–11.
Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, Solomon HS, et al. Senescence and the renal vasculature in normal man. Circ Res. 1974;34:309–16.
Bolton WK, Benton FR, Maclay JG, et al. Spontaneous glomerular sclerosis in aging Sprague-Dawley rates. Am J Pathol. 1976;85:​227–302.
Weinstein JR, Anderson S. The aging kidney: physiological changes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17(4):302–7.
Davies DF, Shock NW. Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males. J Clin Invest. 1950;29:496–507.
Tadic SD, Griffiths D, Schaefer W, et al. Brain activity underlying impaired continence control in older women with overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(5):652–8.
Gilpin SA, Gilpin CJ, Dixon JS, et al. The effect of age on the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder. Br J Urol. 1986;58(4):378–81.
Gunes S, Hekim GN, Arsian MA, et al. Effects of aging on the male reproductive system. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2016;33(4):441–54.
Kaiser RM. Physiological and clinical considerations of geriatric patient care. In: Steffens DC, Blazer DG, Thakur ME, editors. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of geriatric psychiatry. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2015. p. 2.
Wickremaratchi MM, Llewelyn JG. Effects of ageing on touch. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(967):301–4.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Snow, C., Goettsche, K.R., Avari, J. (2018). Anatomy and Physiology. In: Tampi, R., Tampi, D., Boyle, L. (eds) Psychiatric Disorders Late in Life. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73078-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73078-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73076-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73078-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)