Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to critically assess the motivations, instruments, and geographical distribution of Turkey and China’s development aid policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and to locate them in the broader South–South Cooperation context. To this end, it first investigates the core motivations of Turkish and Chinese development aid policies in SSA. Second, it briefly provides an overview of the main instruments and means used by Turkey and China. Lastly, by looking at the geographical distribution of Turkish and Chinese aid in Africa, it attempts to understand the key recipients of this aid and the rationales behind the priority given to these countries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afacan, İsa. 2012. Türk Dış Politikası’nda Afrika Açılımı. Ortadoğu Analiz 4 (46): 10–18.
Akpınar, Pınar. 2013. Turkey’s Peacebuilding in Somalia: The Limits of Humanitarian Diplomacy. Turkish Studies 14 (4): 735–757.
Al Arabiya. 2012. Turkey Tries Out Soft Power, Hard Cash in Somalia, June 3. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/03/218288.html
Al Jazeera. 2016. Erdoğan: Türkiye’nin Afrika’da sömürgeci geçmişi olmadı, June 1. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogan-turkiyenin-afrikada-somurgeci-gecmisi-olmadi
Alden, Chris. 2005. Red Star, Black Gold. Review of African Political Economy 32 (104/105): 415–419.
Anshan, Li. 2007. China and Africa: Policy and Challenges. China Security 3 (3): 69–93.
Bräutigam, Deborah. 2008. China’s African Aid: Transatlantic Challenges. German Marshall Fund of the United States Program on Aid Effectiveness Policy Paper, April.
———. 2010. China, Africa and the International Aid Architecture. African Development Bank Group Working Paper, No. 107, Tunis.
———. 2011a. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2011b. Keynote: The Dragon’s Gift. Global Studies Review 7 (3). http://www.globality-gmu.net/archives/2793
Bräutigam, Deborah, and Tang Xiaoyang. 2011. African Shenzhen: China’s Special Economic Zones in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49 (1): 27–54.
Condon, Madison. 2012. China in Africa: What the Policy of Nonintervention Adds to the Western Development Dilemma. Praxis: The Fletcher Journal of Human Security 27: 5–25.
Davies, Penny. 2007. China and the End of Poverty in Africa. Sundyberg: Diakonia, Alfaprint.
Davies, Martyn. 2008. How China Delivers Development Assistance to Africa. South Africa: Centre for Chinese Studies.
Davis, Steve, and Jonathan, Woetzel. 2010. Making the Most Chinese Aid to Africa. McKindsey&Company. http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/making-the-most-of-chinese-aid-to-africa
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2013. Turkey’s Humanitarian Diplomacy: Objectives, Challenges and Prospects. Nationalities Papers 41 (6): 865–870.
Defraigne, Jean-Christopher, and Serena, Belligoli. 2010. Ties Between Business and Aid Programs in Africa: A Comparative Analysis Between the European and the Chinese Cases. Presented at the EBHA Conference, Glasgow.
Dent, Christopher. 2011. Africa and China: A New Kind of Development Partnership. In China and Africa Development Relations, ed. C.M. Dent. Abingdon/New York: Routledge.
Donelli, Federico. 2015. Turkey’s Presence in Somalia a Humanitarian Approach. In The Depth of Turkish Geopolitics in the AKP’s Foreign Policy: From Europe to an Extended Neighbourhood, ed. A. Chiriatti, E. Diodato, S. Dogan, F. Donelli, and B. Yilmaz, 35–51. Perugia: Università per Stranieri Perugia.
Dreher, Axel, and Andreas, Fuchs. 2012. Rogue Aid? The Determinants of China’s Aid Allocation, Courant Research Centre’s Discussion Papers, No. 93. Goettingen, September 2011 (Revised February 2012).
Fırat, Melek. 1997. 1960–71 Arası Türk Dış Politikası ve Kıbrıs Sorunu. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
Foster, Vivien, et al. 2008. Building Bridges: China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank and PPIAF. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Building_Bridges_Master_Version_wo-Embg_with_cover.pdf
Gray, Kevin, and Barry K. Gills. 2016. South–South Cooperation and the Rise of the Global South. Third World Quarterly 37 (4): 557–574.
Halper, Stefan. 2010. The Beijing Consensus: How China’s Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty-First Century. New York: Basic Books.
Hausmann, Jeannine. 2014. Turkey as a Donor Country and Potential Partner in Triangular Cooperation. German Development Institute Discussion Paper (14).
Hausmann, Jeannine, and Erik, Lundsgaarde. 2015. Turkey’s Role in Development Cooperation, United Nations University Centre for Policy Research.
Huang, Meibo. 2015. South-South Cooperation, North-South Aid and the Prospect of International Aid Architecture. Vestnik RUDN International Relations 1: 24–31.
Hurriyet Daily News. 2016. Turkey Voices Strong Economic, Trade Interest in Africa, November 02. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-voices-strong-economic-trade-interest-in-africa.aspx?pageID=517&nID=105664&NewsCatID=344
Idun-Arkhurst Isaac, and James Laing. 2007. The Impact of the Chinese Presence in Africa, Africa Practice Report, JETRO London.
IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation. 2016. https://www.ihh.org.tr/en
Jin, Ling. 2010. Aid to Africa: What Can the EU and China Learn from Each Other? South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) Occasional Paper, March.
Korkut, Umut, and İlke Civelekoglu. 2013. Becoming a Regional Power While Pursuing Material Gains: The Case of Turkish Interest in Africa. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis 68 (1): 187–203.
Kösebalaban, Hasan. 2011. Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lammers, Ellen. 2007. How Will the Beijing Consensus Benefit Africa? The Broker, March 22. http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/How-will-the-Beijing-Consensus-benefit-Africa
Library of Congress. Regulation of Foreign Aid. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign-aid/index.php
Lum, Thomas, et al. 2009. China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. Congessional Research Service Report, (RL34620).
Mehmetcik, Hakan. 2018. Turkey and India in the Context of Foreign Aid to Africa. In Middle Powers in the Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey, ed. Emel Parlar Dal. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.palgrave.com/la/book/9783319723648#bibliographic
Michalowski, Thomasz. 2010. China’s Economic Activities in Africa: Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Aid. International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies 3 (1): 59–78.
Minister of Foreign Affairs. Turkey’s Development Cooperation: General Characteristics and the Least Development Countries (LDC) Aspect. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-development-cooperation.en.mfa
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Turkey’s Development Cooperation. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa
Moran, Michael. 2001. Cyprus and the 1960 Accords: Nationalism and Internationalism. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 6 (2): 1.
Naim, Moises. 2007. Rogue Aid. Foreign Policy 159: 95–96.
Nganje, Fritz. 2014. Two-Way Socialization Between Traditional and Emerging Donors Critical for Effective Development Cooperation. Africa Up Close. Retrieved from https://africaupclose.wilsoncenter.org/two-way-socialization-between-traditional-and-emerging-donors-critical-for-effective-development-cooperation/
OECD. 2013. Dataset: Aid (ODA) Disbursements to Countries and Regions [DAC2a]. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx
———. 2017. Query Wizard for International Development Statistics. http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/
———. Official Development Assistance – Definition and Coverage. http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm
———. Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda for Action. http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/parisdeclarationandaccraagendaforaction.htm
Oruç, Hüseyin, and Oğuzhan, Köse. 2007. Human Rights and Freedoms, the Humanitarian Aid Foundation (IHH) and its Activities. Common Strategic Vision Development Project Diplomatic Representatives of Turkey and African Countries, 3rd Workshop Final Report: ‘Development Aids in African Countries and Turkish Civil Society Organizations’. İstanbul: Tasam.
Özkan, Mehmet. 2010. What Drives Turkey’s Involvement in Africa? Review of African Political Economy 37 (126): 533–540.
———. 2013. Turkey’s Religious and Socio-Political Depth in Africa. LSE IDEAS Special Report 16: 45–50.
Özkan, Mehmet, and Birol Akgün. 2010. Turkey’s opening to Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (4): 525–546.
Ozkan, Mehmet, and Serhat Orakci. 2015. Viewpoint: Turkey as a “Political” Actor in Africa – An Assessment of Turkish Involvement in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies 9 (2): 343–352.
Parlar Dal, Emel. 2018. Profiling Middle Powers in Global Governance and the Turkish Case: An Introduction. In Middle Powers in the Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey, ed. Emel Parlar Dal. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.palgrave.com/la/book/9783319723648#bibliographic
Parlar Dal, Emel, and Ali Murat Kurşun. 2018. Turkey in the UN Funding System: A Comparative Analysis with the BRICS Countries (2010–2013). In Middle Powers in the Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey, ed. Emel Parlar Dal. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.palgrave.com/la/book/9783319723648#bibliographic
Power, Marcus, and Giles Mohan. 2010. Towards a Critical Geopolitics of China’s Engagement with African Development. Geopolitics 15 (3): 462–495.
Ramo, Joshua Cooper. 2004. The Beijing Consensus. London: The Foreign Policy Centre.
Shinn, David. 2015. Turkey’s Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Shifting Alliances and Strategic Diversification. London: Chatnam House.
Stahl, Anna Katharina. 2016. China’s Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa. IAI Working Paper 16/22. Rome.
Strange, et al. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development, Working Paper 323, April.
Sun, Yun. 2014. Africa in China’s New Foreign Aid White Paper, July 16. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/07/16/africa-in-chinas-new-foreign-aid-white-paper/
Sun, Yun. 2015. China’s foreign aid reform and implications for Africa, July 1. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2015/07/01/chinas-foreign-aid-reform-and-implications-for-africa/
The Economist. 2008. Oil, Politics and Corruption, September 18. http://www.economist.com/node/12080765
The State Council. 2011. The People’s Republic of China, White Paper. http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284620.htm
———. 2014. The People’s Republic of China, White Paper. http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474982986592.htm
TIKA. 2013. Official Development Assistance Report. http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/oldpublication/KalkinmaYardimlariRaporu2013.pdf
TIKA. 2014. Official Development Assistance Report. http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/KALKINMA%20RAPORLARI/DA%20Report%202014.pdf
Timokhina, Olga. 2014. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa in Corporate Social Responsibility Context. Maastricht School of Management Working Paper (29).
Tull, Dennis. 2006. China’s Engagement in Africa: Scope, Significance and Consequences. The Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (3): 459–479.
Ujvari, Balazs. 2012. The Changing Rules of Multilateral Development Assistance: Does China Undermine the Current Aid Paradigm or Succumb to It? Atlantic Community.
Williams, Victoria. Foreign Aid. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://global.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid
Yeşiltaş, Murat. 2013. The Transformation of the Geopolitical Vision in Turkish Foreign Policy. Turkish Studies 14 (4): 661–687.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Belder, F., Dipama, S. (2018). A Comparative Analysis of China and Turkey’s Development Aid Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Parlar Dal, E. (eds) Middle Powers in Global Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72364-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72365-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)