Abstract
The Compact Position Reporting (CPR) algorithm is a safety-critical element of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) protocol. This protocol enables aircraft to share their current states, i.e., position and velocity, with traffic aircraft in their vicinity. CPR consists of a collection of functions that encode and decode aircraft position data (latitude and longitude). Incorrect position decoding from CPR has been reported to the American and European organizations responsible for the ADS-B standard. This paper presents a formal analysis of the CPR algorithm in the Prototype Verification System (PVS). This formal analysis shows that the published requirements for correct decoding are insufficient, even if computations are assumed to be performed using exact real arithmetic. As a result of this analysis tightened requirements are proposed. These requirements, which are being considered by the standards organizations, are formally proven to guarantee correct decoding under exact real arithmetic. In addition, this paper proposes mathematically equivalent, but computationally simpler forms to several expressions in the CPR functions in order to reduce imprecise calculation.
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Notes
- 1.
In fact, there are several allowable transponders and formats, though the majority of current applications use the 1090 ES message described here.
- 2.
These organizations are RTCA in the US and EUROCAE in Europe.
- 3.
This is an issue that affects the usability of ADS-B for hypersonic aircraft and for sub-orbital applications, both of which are poised to become more ubiquitous in the near future.
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Dutle, A., Moscato, M., Titolo, L., Muñoz, C. (2017). A Formal Analysis of the Compact Position Reporting Algorithm. In: Paskevich, A., Wies, T. (eds) Verified Software. Theories, Tools, and Experiments. VSTTE 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10712. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72308-2_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72308-2_2
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