Abstract
In 2016, over 900,000 migrants applied for asylum in six countries of northwestern Europe. However, the chances of being granted international protection differ strikingly among EU member states and also in northwestern Europe. The growth in the number of (first-time) asylum applications and first-instance decisions will be compared variously between Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Next, the refugee policies of these member states will be described with reference to their asylum laws, procedures, any reforms, and the integration of asylum seekers and people under international protection. The focus will then shift to (global) civic education in northwestern Europe. The recent influx of refugees points out the significance of managing an increasing diversity of life circumstances and cultural backgrounds within the six member states.
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Notes
- 1.
Of these, 17.2 million were under UNHCR mandate and 5.3 million were Palestinians registered by UNRWA.
- 2.
In terms of the total number of refugees per 1000 inhabitants at the end of 2016, Sweden still leads the member states (UNHCR 2017a, p. 20).
- 3.
Castles and Miller (2009), pp. 7–9 have a wider perspective in observing migration trends.
- 4.
In the early 1990s, a large share of asylum seekers consisted of people fleeing the civil war in the former Yugoslavia (Zettler et al. 2003, p. 2).
- 5.
All 28 EU States, also Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, but excluded in this presentation.
- 6.
Per Art. 23 Schengen Borders Code in case of a serious threat to public policy or internal security.
- 7.
A pilot study on common indicators of immigrants for the Zaragoza Declaration of the European Ministers Conference on Integration, adopted in April 2010.
- 8.
Per sec. 27 para 1 Integration Act sec. 7 to sec. 16 Integration Act took effect on 1 October 2017 and sec. 13 para 2 Integration Act on 1 January 2018.
- 9.
The Royal Decree on Immigration implements the Immigration Act.
- 10.
With its implementation decree.
- 11.
And other decrees, such as the decree on the allowance for asylum seekers.
- 12.
Loi no 2016-274 du 7 mars 2016 relative au droit des étrangers en France.
- 13.
Replacing the Reception and Integration Contract.
- 14.
Together with the Federal Police and the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees.
- 15.
The Act on the Acceleration of Asylum Procedures (Asylverfahrensbeschleunigungsgesetz) became effective 24 October 2015.
- 16.
The Act on the Introduction of Fast-Track Asylum Procedures (Gesetz zur Einführung beschleunigter Asylverfahren) came into effect on 17 March 2016.
- 17.
Act on the Faster Expulsion of Criminal Foreigners and Extended Reasons for refusing Refugee Recognition to Criminal Asylum Seekers (Gesetz zur erleichterten Ausweisung von straffälligen Ausländern und zum erweiterten Ausschluss der Flüchtlingsanerkennung bei straffälligen Asylbewerbern) entered into force on 17 March 2016.
- 18.
CJEU, Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken (Netherlands) v K, A, C-153/14. Judgment of 9 July 2015, ECLI:EU:C:2015:453, para 71.
- 19.
The asylum applicant must meet further conditions (van Kampen et al. 2017, pp. 58–59).
- 20.
The Scottish government implemented the framework by Ager and Strang (see above Sect. 3.1).
- 21.
Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU, Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU, Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU.
- 22.
The country did not meet the sample requirements.
- 23.
Thanks to the translation team of the German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (Deutscher Hochschulverband) for proof-reading.
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Haverkamp, R. (2018). Immigration of Refugees into Northwest Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In: Kury, H., Redo, S. (eds) Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72159-0_2
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