Abstract
Positive developments in aviation, such as the increased safety of air travel, advanced automation and more efficient pilot training courses, may negatively influence the pilots’ abilities to handle unknown and unexpected situations. Pilots of the older generation often have experience with manually flying multiple types of aircraft and handling all kinds of incidents. In contrast, the future generation of pilots will not be given the chance to gain the experiences in practice. Consequently, they may not have the competencies needed to handle critical situations. This paper describes how we set about designing a serious game for the acquisition of the essential competencies for critical situations. The game offers meaningful events, which match situations that pilots can face someday. The events trigger and reinforce the competencies of situational awareness, workload management, and application of procedures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Although ‘abnormal’ is the familiar opposite of ‘normal’, ‘non-normal’ is the term adopted by aviation regulation bodies such as the FAA, EASA and ICAO.
- 2.
For brevity, we use ‘he’ and ‘him’ wherever ‘he or she’ and ‘him or her’ are meant.
References
Collins, S.: Safer Skies. Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty, vol. 1, pp. 22–24 (2015)
Stepniczka, I., Tomova L., Rankin, A., Woltjer, R., Sladky, R., Tik, M.: D3.1 Final Analysis of Research Evaluation. Man4Gen consortium, Vienna (2015)
Rankin, A., Woltjer, R., Field, J., Woods, D.: “Staying ahead of the aircraft” and Managing Surprise in Modern Airliners. In: Paper presented at 5th Resilience Engineering Symposium: Managing trade-offs, Soesterberg, The Netherlands (2013)
European Cockpit Association: Pilot Training Compass: Back to the future (2013)
Franks, P., Hay, S., Mavin, T.: Can competency-based training fly? an overview of key issues for “Ab Initio” Pilot Training. Int. J. Training Res. 12(2), 132–147 (2014)
Wouters, P., Van der Spek, E.D., Van Oostendorp, H.: Current practices in serious game research: A review from a learning outcomes perspective. In: Connolly, T.M., Stansfield, M., Boyle, E. (eds.) Games-based learning advancements for multi-sensory human computer interfaces: techniques and effective practices, pp. 232–250. IGI Global (2009)
Gee, J.P.: Deep learning properties of good digital games: how far can they go. In: Ritterfeld, U., Cody, M., Vorderer, P.A. (eds.) Serious Games: Mechanisms and Effects, pp. 67–80. Routledge, New York (2009)
Sharp, L.A.: Stealth learning: unexpected learning opportunities through games. J. Instruct. Res. 1, 42–48 (2012)
Annetta, L.A.: Video games in education: Why they should be used and how they are being used. Theor. Pract. 47(3), 229–239 (2008)
Mautone, T., Spiker, V.A., Karp, M.R., Conkey, C.: Using games to accelerate aircrew cognitive training. In: Paper presented at Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference, Orlando, FL (2010)
Berliner, D.C.: What’s all the fuss about instructional time? In: Ben-Peretz, M., Bromme, R. (eds.) The Nature of Time in School. Theoretical Concepts, Practitioners Perceptions, pp. 3–35. Columbia University Teachers College Press, New York (1990)
Garris, R., Ahlers, R., Driskell, J.: Games, motivation, and learning: a research and practice model. Simul. Gaming 33(4), 441–467 (2002)
Gee, J.P.: Learning and games. In: Salen, K. (ed.) The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, pp. 21–40. MIT Press, Cambridge (2008)
Knulst, M.: Serious Gaming & Didactics: a Review on Game, Instructional, and Player Variables in Serious Game Design. NLR-TR-2014-397. Netherlands Aerospace Centre, Amsterdam (2014)
Crookall, D.: Serious Games, Debriefing, and Simulation/Gaming as a Discipline. Simulation & Gaming 41(6), 898–920 (2010)
Toups, Z.O., Kerne, A., Hamilton, W.A.: The team coordination game: zero-fidelity simulation abstracted from fire emergency response practice. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 18(4), 23 (2011)
Burian, B.K., Barshi, I., Dismukes, R.K.: The Challenges of Aviation Emergency and Abnormal Situations. NASA Technical Memorandum 2005-213462. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA (2005)
International Civil Aviation Organization: Manual of Evidence-based Training. Doc 9995. ICAO, Montreal (2013). http://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/3177.pdf
Owens, B.: Handling an emergency (2012). http://iflyblog.com/handling-an-emergency
Hainan Airlines: Standard Flight Operations Manual SOP 737-800. Hainan Airlines Company Limited, Haikou (2009)
Kahn, K.M.: Emergency Exit: How to Handle Non-Normal Events (2004). http://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2004/december/flight-training-magazine/emergency-exit
Becker, K., Parker, J.: Methods of design: an overview of game design techniques. In: Schrier, K. (ed.) Learning, Education and Games: Volume One: Curricular and Design Considerations, pp. 179–198. ETC Press, Pittsburgh (2014)
Desurvire, H., El-Nasr, M.S.: Methods for game user research: studying player behavior to enhance game design. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 33(4), 82–87 (2013)
Nielsen, J.: Why you only need to test with 5 users (2000). https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why-you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users
Yamnill, S., McLean, G.N.: Theories supporting transfer of training. Hum. Resour. Dev. Q. 12(2), 195–208 (2001)
Allerton, D.: Principles of Flight Simulation. Wiley, Chichester (2009)
Wouters, P., Van Nimwegen, C., Van Oostendorp, H., Van Der Spek, E.: Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive and Motivational Effects of Serious Games. J. Educ. Psychol. 105(2), 249–265 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kuindersma, E., van der Pal, J., van den Herik, J., Plaat, A. (2017). Building a Game to Build Competencies. In: Dias, J., Santos, P., Veltkamp, R. (eds) Games and Learning Alliance. GALA 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10653. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71940-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71940-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71939-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71940-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)