Abstract
Flanders is experiencing a variety of challenges to its traditional linear economy from issues relating to air pollution, climate change, energy, population growth, waste, and water. In response, Flanders has implemented a variety of upstream and downstream fiscal and non-fiscal tools to develop the circular economy and encourage a life cycle perspective to be taken by economic actors in an attempt to decouple economic growth from resource use and associated environmental impacts.
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Notes
- 1.
European Commission. 2017. Flanders [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/base-profile/flanders.
- 2.
Flanders Investment and Trade. 2017d. Why Flanders is a trade powerhouse [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/why-flanders-trade-powerhouse.
- 3.
The Brussels Times. 2016. Regional economic prospects for 2016–2021 – Slightly lower growth expected in Wallonia than in Flanders [Online]. Available: http://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/5964/regional-economic-prospects-for-2016-2021-slightly-lower-growth-expected-in-wallonia-than-in-flanders.
- 4.
Flanders Environment Agency. 2017a. Air quality in the Flemish region 2015. Available: https://en.vmm.be/publications/air-quality-in-the-flemish-region-2015.
- 5.
Flanders Environment Agency. 2015. MIRA climate report 2015: About observed and future climate changes in Flanders and Belgium. Available: http://www.milieurapport.be/en/publications/topic-reports/mira-climate-report-2015-about-observed-and-future-climate-changes-in-flanders-and-belgium/.
- 6.
EnergyVille. 2016. Inventory renewables Flanders 2005–2015 [Online]. Available: http://www.energyville.be/en/nieuwsbericht/inventory-renewables-flanders-2005-2015.
- 7.
Flanders Environment Agency. 2017b. MIRA system balance 2017: Environmental challenges for the energy, mobility and food systems in Flanders. Available: http://milieurapport.be/en/publications/other-reports/mira-system-balance-2017-environmental-challenges-for-the-energy-mobility-and-food-systems.
- 8.
Flanders Environment Agency. 2014. Megatrends: far-reaching, but also out of reach? How do megatrends influence the environment in Flanders? MIRA Future Outlook Report 2014. Available: https://en.vmm.be/news/archive/megatrends-far-reaching-but-also-out-of-reach.
- 9.
OVAM. 2016. Activities report 2016. Available: http://www.ovamenglish.be/sites/default/files/atoms/files/OVAM_activiteitenoverzicht_2016_DRUK_EN_LR_SPREAD.pdf.
- 10.
Vlakwa. 2015. The socio-economic importance of water in Flanders. Available: http://www.vlakwa.be/fileadmin/media/pdf/20150605_samenvatting.pdf.
- 11.
Flanders Investment and Trade. 2017a. Flanders actively supports ecological investments [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/grant-incentives/flanders-actively-supports-ecological-investments.
- 12.
Flanders Investment and Trade. 2017c. Various tax breaks for R&D investments in Flanders [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/rd-and-innovation/flanders-offers-specific-tax-incentives-foreign-businesses-0.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Flanders Investment and Trade. 2017b. R&D investment deduction: Flanders supports high-tech innovation [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/rd-and-innovation/tax-incentives-rd-activities/rd-investment-deduction.
- 15.
Flemish Government. 2017b. Environmental permit [Online]. Available: http://www.flanders.be/en/enterprise-and-investment/environmental-permit.
- 16.
OVAM. 2017b. Determine the environmental impact of your product with the ecolizer and make the difference! [Online]. Available: http://www.ecolizer.be/.
- 17.
OVAM. 2017h. Integrate sustainability in your innovation process with the OVAM SIS toolkit [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/en/tools/sis-toolkit-1.
- 18.
OVAM. 2014b. Manual OVAM SIS toolkit. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/images/filelib/ManualOVAMSISToolkit_3648.pdf.
- 19.
OVAM. 2017d. Ecoclusters: promotion of industrial symbiosis [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/ecoclusters-bevordering-van-industriele-symbiose.
- 20.
Symbiose. 2017. Industrial symbiosis as a lever for the circular economy [Online]. Available: http://www.smartsymbiose.com/.
- 21.
OVAM. 2017o. VLAJO and OVAM reward mini companies [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/vlajo-en-ovam-belonen-mini-ondernemingen.
- 22.
OVAM. 2017k. Material scan [Online]. Available: http://ovam.be/materialenscan.
- 23.
OVAM. 2017c. Eco-efficiency scan [Online]. Available: https://services.ovam.be/ecoscan-extern/views/info/wat.seam;jsessionid=65468B154C7FB7B04C088331A4845EB0.jb-ex-05-00.
- 24.
OVAM. 2017g. The GreenVentscan [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/milieu-gezondheid/duurzame-evenementen/de-groeneventscan.
- 25.
OVAM. 2017f. The greenVent award [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/milieu-gezondheid/duurzame-evenementen/de-groenevent-award.
- 26.
OVAM. 2017e. Ecodesign in higher education? The EHE kit gets you started [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/en/tools/ehe-kit.
- 27.
OVAM. 2014a. Ecodesign in higher education guide. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/images/filelib/1EHEkitguide_3528.pdf.
- 28.
OVAM. 2017n. Tools [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.be/en/tools.
- 29.
Flemish Government. 2017e. Purchase policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/aankoopbeleid.
- 30.
Flemish Government. 2017a. E-procurement policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/beleid-eprocurement.
- 31.
Flemish Government. 2017f. SME participation [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/kmo-participatie.
- 32.
Flemish Government. 2017c. Integrity in public procurement [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/integriteit-bij-overheidsopdrachten.
- 33.
Flemish Government. 2017h. Sustainable and innovative public procurement [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/duurzame-innovatieve-overheidsopdrachten.
- 34.
Flemish Government. 2017d. Public procurement policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/beleid-duurzame-overheidsopdrachten.
- 35.
Flemish Government. 2017g. Strategic projects [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/strategische-projecten.
- 36.
OVAM. 2017j. Material conscious building in circuits [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/wetgeving-en-beleidsplannen-of-programmas/bouw.
- 37.
OVAM. 2017i. A management system and unit rules for recycled granulates [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/een-beheersysteem-en-eenheidsreglement-voor-gerecycleerde-granulaten.
- 38.
OVAM. 2017l. Selectively demolish and dismantle [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/selectief-slopen-ontmantelen.
- 39.
OVAM. 2017a. The cycles of non-stony materials [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/niet-steenachtige-kringloop.
- 40.
OVAM. 2017m. Stoney cycle [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/steenachtige-kringloop.
- 41.
Department of Environment. 2017. What is a green deal? [Online]. Available: https://www.lne.be/wat-is-een-green-deal.
- 42.
Flanders Circular. 2017a. Green deal circular buying [Online].
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
Flanders Circular. 2017b. Masterclass circular economics [Online]. Available: http://www.vlaanderen-circulair.be/nl/masterclass-circulaire-economie.
References
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EnergyVille. 2016. Inventory renewables Flanders 2005–2015 [Online]. Available: http://www.energyville.be/en/nieuwsbericht/inventory-renewables-flanders-2005-2015.
European Commission. 2017. Flanders [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/base-profile/flanders.
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———. 2017b. Masterclass circular economics [Online]. Available: http://www.vlaanderen-circulair.be/nl/masterclass-circulaire-economie.
Flanders Environment Agency. 2014. Megatrends: Far-reaching, but also out of reach? How do megatrends influence the environment in Flanders? MIRA Future Outlook Report 2014. Available: https://en.vmm.be/news/archive/megatrends-far-reaching-but-also-out-of-reach.
———. 2015. MIRA climate report 2015: About observed and future climate changes in Flanders and Belgium. Available: http://www.milieurapport.be/en/publications/topic-reports/mira-climate-report-2015-about-observed-and-future-climate-changes-in-flanders-and-belgium/.
———. 2017a. Air quality in the Flemish region 2015. Available: https://en.vmm.be/publications/air-quality-in-the-flemish-region-2015.
———. 2017b. MIRA system balance 2017: Environmental challenges for the energy, mobility and food systems in Flanders. Available: http://milieurapport.be/en/publications/other-reports/mira-system-balance-2017-environmental-challenges-for-the-energy-mobility-and-food-systems.
Flanders Investment and Trade. 2017a. Flanders actively supports ecological investments [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/grant-incentives/flanders-actively-supports-ecological-investments.
———. 2017b. R&D investment deduction: Flanders supports high-tech innovation [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/rd-and-innovation/tax-incentives-rd-activities/rd-investment-deduction.
———. 2017c. Various tax breaks for R&D investments in Flanders [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/rd-and-innovation/flanders-offers-specific-tax-incentives-foreign-businesses-0.
———. 2017d. Why Flanders is a trade powerhouse [Online]. Available: https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/investing-in-flanders/why-flanders-trade-powerhouse.
Flemish Government. 2017a. E-procurement policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/beleid-eprocurement.
———. 2017b. Environmental permit [Online]. Available: http://www.flanders.be/en/enterprise-and-investment/environmental-permit.
———. 2017c. Integrity in public procurement [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/integriteit-bij-overheidsopdrachten
———. 2017d. Public procurement policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/beleid-duurzame-overheidsopdrachten
———. 2017e. Purchase policy [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/aankoopbeleid.
———. 2017f. SME participation [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/kmo-participatie
———. 2017g. Strategic projects [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/strategische-projecten
———. 2017h. Sustainable and innovative public procurement [Online]. Available: https://overheid.vlaanderen.be/duurzame-innovatieve-overheidsopdrachten.
OVAM. 2011. SIS brainstorm poster. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/images/filelib/OVAMSISBrainstormposterEN2011m10d12_5267.pdf.
———. 2014a. Ecodesign in higher education guide. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/images/filelib/1EHEkitguide_3528.pdf.
———. 2014b. Manual OVAM SIS toolkit. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/images/filelib/ManualOVAMSISToolkit_3648.pdf.
———. 2016. Activities report 2016. Available: http://www.ovamenglish.be/sites/default/files/atoms/files/OVAM_activiteitenoverzicht_2016_DRUK_EN_LR_SPREAD.pdf.
———. 2017a. The cycles of non-stony materials [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/niet-steenachtige-kringloop.
———. 2017b. Determine the environmental impact of your product with the ecolizer and make the difference! [Online]. Available: http://www.ecolizer.be/.
———. 2017c. Eco-efficiency scan [Online]. Available: https://services.ovam.be/ecoscan-extern/views/info/wat.seam;jsessionid=65468B154C7FB7B04C088331A4845EB0.jb-ex-05-00.
———. 2017d. Ecoclusters: Promotion of industrial symbiosis [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/ecoclusters-bevordering-van-industriele-symbiose.
———. 2017e. Ecodesign in higher education? The EHE kit gets you started [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/en/tools/ehe-kit.
———. 2017f. The greenVent award [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/milieu-gezondheid/duurzame-evenementen/de-groenevent-award.
———. 2017g. The GreenVentscan [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/milieu-gezondheid/duurzame-evenementen/de-groeneventscan.
———. 2017h. Integrate sustainability in your innovation process with the OVAM SIS toolkit [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.com/en/tools/sis-toolkit-1.
———. 2017i. A management system and unit rules for recycled granulates [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/een-beheersysteem-en-eenheidsreglement-voor-gerecycleerde-granulaten.
———. 2017j. Material conscious building in circuits [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/wetgeving-en-beleidsplannen-of-programmas/bouw.
———. 2017k. Material scan [Online]. Available: http://ovam.be/materialenscan.
———. 2017l. Selectively demolish and dismantle [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/selectief-slopen-ontmantelen.
———. 2017m. Stoney cycle [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/afval-materialen/specifieke-afvalstromen-materiaalkringlopen/materiaalbewust-bouwen-in-kringlopen/steenachtige-kringloop.
———. 2017n. Tools [Online]. Available: http://www.ecodesignlink.be/en/tools.
———. 2017o. VLAJO and OVAM reward mini companies [Online]. Available: https://www.ovam.be/vlajo-en-ovam-belonen-mini-ondernemingen.
Symbiose. 2017. Industrial symbiosis as a lever for the circular economy [Online]. Available: http://www.smartsymbiose.com/.
The Brussels Times. 2016. Regional economic prospects for 2016–2021 – Slightly lower growth expected in Wallonia than in Flanders [Online]. Available: http://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/5964/regional-economic-prospects-for-2016-2021-slightly-lower-growth-expected-in-wallonia-than-in-flanders.
Vlakwa. 2015. The socio-economic importance of water in Flanders. Available: http://www.vlakwa.be/fileadmin/media/pdf/20150605_samenvatting.pdf.
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Brears, R.C. (2018). Natural Resource Management and the Circular Economy in Flanders. In: Natural Resource Management and the Circular Economy. Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71888-0_5
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