Skip to main content

Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Surgical Critical Care Therapy
  • 2239 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and globally. Despite recent advancements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the survival rate of cardiac arrest remains low. Targeted temperature management (TTM), or therapeutic hypothermia, has been shown to improve the survival and functional outcome of comatose cardiac arrest survivors. This chapter will focus on the pathophysiology and practical considerations of TTM after adult non-traumatic cardiac arrest. The indications, implementation, and side effects of TTM are discussed here to assist readers in its application during post-arrest management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abella BS, Zhao D, Alvarado J, Hamann K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Intra-arrest cooling improves outcomes in a murine cardiac arrest model. Circulation. 2004;109(22):2786–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000131940.19833.85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Abraham AS, Eylath U, Weinstein M, Czaczkes E. Serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(15):862–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197704142961509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alam HB, Pusateri AE, Kindzelski A, Egan D, Hoots K, Andrews MT, Rhee P, Tisherman S, Mann K, Vostal J, Kochanek PM, Scalea T, Deal V, Sheppard F, Sopko G, HYPOSTAT workshop participants. Hypothermia and hemostasis in severe trauma: a new crossroads workshop report. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(4):809–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318265d1b8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, Farrell B, Moodley J, Neilson J, Smith D, Magpie Trial Collaboration G. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1877–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Aoki M, Nomura F, Stromski ME, Tsuji MK, Fackler JC, Hickey PR, Holtzman DH, Jonas RA. Effects of pH on brain energetics after hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55(5):1093–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Avalli L, Maggioni E, Formica F, Redaelli G, Migliari M, Scanziani M, Celotti S, Coppo A, Caruso R, Ristagno G, Fumagalli R. Favourable survival of in-hospital compared to out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an Italian tertiary care centre experience. Resuscitation. 2012;83(5):579–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.10.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azzopardi DV, Strohm B, Edwards AD, Dyet L, Halliday HL, Juszczak E, Kapellou O, Levene M, Marlow N, Porter E, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, Brocklehurst P, Group TS. Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1349–58. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Badjatia N. Therapeutic hypothermia protocols. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;141:619–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63599-0.00033-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Badjatia N, Strongilis E, Gordon E, Prescutti M, Fernandez L, Fernandez A, Buitrago M, Schmidt JM, Ostapkovich ND, Mayer SA. Metabolic impact of shivering during therapeutic temperature modulation: the Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3242–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.523654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Badjatia N, Strongilis E, Prescutti M, Fernandez L, Fernandez A, Buitrago M, Schmidt JM, Mayer SA. Metabolic benefits of surface counter warming during therapeutic temperature modulation. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(6):1893–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819fffd3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Baldursdottir S, Sigvaldason K, Karason S, Valsson F, Sigurdsson GH. Induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of asphyxia: a case series of 14 consecutive cases. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(7):821–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02248.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Behringer W, Prueckner S, Safar P, Radovsky A, Kentner R, Stezoski SW, Henchir J, Tisherman SA. Rapid induction of mild cerebral hypothermia by cold aortic flush achieves normal recovery in a dog outcome model with 20-minute exsanguination cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7(12):1341–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X, Kentner R, Radovsky A, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Tisherman SA. Survival without brain damage after clinical death of 60-120 mins in dogs using suspended animation by profound hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(5):1523–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000063450.73967.40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bellezzo JM, Shinar Z, Davis DP, Jaski BE, Chillcott S, Stahovich M, Walker C, Baradarian S, Dembitsky W. Emergency physician-initiated extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2012;83(8):966–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jimenez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P, American Heart Association Statistics C, Stroke Statistics S. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Bergman R, Braber A, Adriaanse MA, van Vugt R, Tjan DH, van Zanten AR. Haemodynamic consequences of mild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(4):383–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283333a7d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):557–63. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa003289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bisschops LL, van Alfen N, Bons S, van der Hoeven JG, Hoedemaekers CW. Predictors of poor neurologic outcome in patients after cardiac arrest treated with hypothermia: a retrospective study. Resuscitation. 2011;82(6):696–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bjelland TW, Klepstad P, Haugen BO, Nilsen T, Salvesen O, Dale O. Concentrations of remifentanil, propofol, fentanyl, and midazolam during rewarming from therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(6):709–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Borgquist O, Friberg H. Therapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors after near-hanging-a retrospective analysis. Resuscitation. 2009;80(2):210–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.10.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bouwes A, Binnekade JM, Kuiper MA, Bosch FH, Zandstra DF, Toornvliet AC, Biemond HS, Kors BM, Koelman JH, Verbeek MM, Weinstein HC, Hijdra A, Horn J. Prognosis of coma after therapeutic hypothermia: a prospective cohort study. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(2):206–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bray JE, Bernard S, Cantwell K, Stephenson M, Smith K, Committee VS. The association between systolic blood pressure on arrival at hospital and outcome in adults surviving from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac aetiology. Resuscitation. 2014;85(4):509–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, Coats T. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma. 2003;54(6):1127–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TA.0000069184.82147.06.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Callaway CW, Donnino MW, Fink EL, Geocadin RG, Golan E, Kern KB, Leary M, Meurer WJ, Peberdy MA, Thompson TM, Zimmerman JL. Part 8: post-cardiac arrest care: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S465–82. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000262.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Capone A, Safar P, Radovsky A, Wang YF, Peitzman A, Tisherman SA. Complete recovery after normothermic hemorrhagic shock and profound hypothermic circulatory arrest of 60 minutes in dogs. J Trauma. 1996;40(3):388–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chauhan A, Musunuru H, Donnino M, McCurdy MT, Chauhan V, Walsh M. The use of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(6):786–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.06.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Che D, Li L, Kopil CM, Liu Z, Guo W, Neumar RW. Impact of therapeutic hypothermia onset and duration on survival, neurologic function, and neurodegeneration after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(6):1423–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318212020a.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Chernow B, Bamberger S, Stoiko M, Vadnais M, Mills S, Hoellerich V, Warshaw AL. Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care. Chest. 1989;95(2):391–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chi OZ, Liu X, Weiss HR. Effects of mild hypothermia on blood-brain barrier disruption during isoflurane or pentobarbital anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(4):933–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Choi DS, Kim T, Ro YS, Ahn KO, Lee EJ, Hwang SS, Song SW, Song KJ, Shin SD. Extracorporeal life support and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a nationwide registry: a propensity score-matched analysis. Resuscitation. 2016;99:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.11.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Coles JP, Fryer TD, Coleman MR, Smielewski P, Gupta AK, Minhas PS, Aigbirhio F, Chatfield DA, Williams GB, Boniface S, Carpenter TA, Clark JC, Pickard JD, Menon DK. Hyperventilation following head injury: effect on ischemic burden and cerebral oxidative metabolism. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):568–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000254066.37187.88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, Aigbirihio F, Donovan T, Downey SP, Williams G, Chatfield D, Matthews JC, Gupta AK, Carpenter TA, Clark JC, Pickard JD, Menon DK. Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: clinical relevance and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(9):1950–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000026331.91456.9A.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Crepeau AZ, Rabinstein AA, Fugate JE, Mandrekar J, Wijdicks EF, White RD, Britton JW. Continuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: prognostic and clinical value. Neurology. 2013;80(4):339–44. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f089d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Crombez T, Hachimi-Idrissi S. The influence of targeted temperature management on the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered during and after cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Acta Clin Belg. 2017:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2017.1291782.

  35. Cronberg T, Rundgren M, Westhall E, Englund E, Siemund R, Rosen I, Widner H, Friberg H. Neuron-specific enolase correlates with other prognostic markers after cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2011;77(7):623–30. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822a276d.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Crowell JW, Sharpe GP, Lambright RL, Read WL. The mechanism of death after resuscitation following acute circulatory failure. Surgery. 1955;38(4):696–702.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. De Santis V, Negri M, Nencini C, Fusari M. Successful use of targeted temperature management in pregnancy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(1):122 e123–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. De Witte J, Sessler DI. Perioperative shivering: physiology and pharmacology. Anesthesiology. 2002;96(2):467–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Debaty G, Maignan M, Savary D, Koch FX, Ruckly S, Durand M, Picard J, Escallier C, Chouquer R, Santre C, Minet C, Guergour D, Hammer L, Bouvaist H, Belle L, Adrie C, Payen JF, Carpentier F, Gueugniaud PY, Danel V, Timsit JF. Impact of intra-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in outcomes of prehospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1832–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3519-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dumas F, Grimaldi D, Zuber B, Fichet J, Charpentier J, Pene F, Vivien B, Varenne O, Carli P, Jouven X, Empana JP, Cariou A. Is hypothermia after cardiac arrest effective in both shockable and nonshockable patients?: insights from a large registry. Circulation. 2011;123(8):877–86. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.987347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ehrlich MP, McCullough JN, Zhang N, Weisz DJ, Juvonen T, Bodian CA, Griepp RB. Effect of hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the pig. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73(1):191–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Eid SM, Albaeni A, Vaidya D, Nazarian SM, Llinas R, Chandra-Strobos N. Awakening following cardiac arrest: determined by the definitions used or the therapies delivered? Resuscitation. 2016;100:38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.12.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Erecinska M, Thoresen M, Silver IA. Effects of hypothermia on energy metabolism in mammalian central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(5):513–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WCB.0000066287.21705.21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fagnoul D, Combes A, De Backer D. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014;20(3):259–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fagnoul D, Taccone FS, Belhaj A, Rondelet B, Argacha JF, Vincent JL, Backer DD. Extracorporeal life support associated with hypothermia and normoxemia in refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(11):1519–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.06.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA. Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(11):1214–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fischer M, Hossmann KA. No-reflow after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21(2):132–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Frank SM, Beattie C, Christopherson R, Norris EJ, Perler BA, Williams GM, Gottlieb SO. Unintentional hypothermia is associated with postoperative myocardial ischemia. The Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology. 1993;78(3):468–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gaieski DF, Band RA, Abella BS, Neumar RW, Fuchs BD, Kolansky DM, Merchant RM, Carr BG, Becker LB, Maguire C, Klair A, Hylton J, Goyal M. Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2009;80(4):418–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.12.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ge L, Zhou X, Ji WJ, Lu RY, Zhang Y, Zhang YD, Ma YQ, Zhao JH, Li YM. Neutrophil extracellular traps in ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced myocardial no-reflow: therapeutic potential of DNase-based reperfusion strategy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;308(5):H500–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00381.2014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Glover GW, Thomas RM, Vamvakas G, Al-Subaie N, Cranshaw J, Walden A, Wise MP, Ostermann M, Thomas-Jones E, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wetterslev J, Friberg H, Nielsen N. Intravascular versus surface cooling for targeted temperature management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - an analysis of the TTM trial data. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):381. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1552-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Grossestreuer AV, Abella BS, Leary M, Perman SM, Fuchs BD, Kolansky DM, Beylin ME, Gaieski DF. Time to awakening and neurologic outcome in therapeutic hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2013;84(12):1741–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.07.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grossestreuer AV, Gaieski DF, Donnino MW, Wiebe DJ, Abella BS. Magnitude of temperature elevation is associated with neurologic and survival outcomes in resuscitated cardiac arrest patients with postrewarming pyrexia. J Crit Care. 2017;38:78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hagerdal M, Harp J, Nilsson L, Siesjo BK. The effect of induced hypothermia upon oxygen consumption in the rat brain. J Neurochem. 1975;24(2):311–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Haneya A, Philipp A, Diez C, Schopka S, Bein T, Zimmermann M, Lubnow M, Luchner A, Agha A, Hilker M, Hirt S, Schmid C, Muller T. A 5-year experience with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support in non-postcardiotomy patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2012;83(11):1331–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Haugk M, Testori C, Sterz F, Uranitsch M, Holzer M, Behringer W, Herkner H, Time to Target Temperature Study G. Relationship between time to target temperature and outcome in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011;15(2):R101. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Hekmatpanah J. Cerebral blood flow dynamics in hypotension and cardiac arrest. Neurology. 1973;23(2):174–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P, Johannigman J, Mahoney P, Mehta S, Cox ED, Gehrke MJ, Beilman GJ, Schreiber M, Flaherty SF, Grathwohl KW, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Beekley AC, McMullin NR, Park MS, Gonzalez EA, Wade CE, Dubick MA, Schwab CW, Moore FA, Champion HR, Hoyt DB, Hess JR. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma. 2007;62(2):307–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3180324124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hsu CH, Haac B, McQuillan KA, Tisherman SA, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Outcome of suicidal hanging patients and the role of targeted temperature management in hanging-induced cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(2):387–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study G. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):549–56. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Jehle D, Meyer M, Gemme S. Beneficial response to mild therapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors of near-hanging. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(3):390 e391–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2009.07.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Johnson NJ, Acker M, Hsu CH, Desai N, Vallabhajosyula P, Lazar S, Horak J, Wald J, McCarthy F, Rame E, Gray K, Perman SM, Becker L, Cowie D, Grossestreuer A, Smith T, Gaieski DF. Extracorporeal life support as rescue strategy for out-of-hospital and emergency department cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014;85(11):1527–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.08.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jordan JE, Zhao ZQ, Vinten-Johansen J. The role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43(4):860–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jurkovich GJ, Pitt RM, Curreri PW, Granger DN. Hypothermia prevents increased capillary permeability following ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 1988;44(5):514–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kagawa E, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, Ishihara M, Shimatani Y, Kurisu S, Nakama Y, Dai K, Takayuki O, Ikenaga H, Morimoto Y, Ejiri K, Oda N. Assessment of outcomes and differences between in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation. 2010;81(8):968–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C, Hallstrom A, Kudenchuk PJ, Rea T, Copass MK, Carlbom D, Deem S, Longstreth WT Jr, Olsufka M, Cobb LA. Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kim T, Paine MG, Meng H, Xiaodan R, Cohen J, Jinka T, Zheng H, Cranford JA, Neumar RW. Combined intra- and post-cardiac arrest hypothermic-targeted temperature management in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest improves survival and neurologic outcome compared to either strategy alone. Resuscitation. 2016;107:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.07.232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Stezoski SW, Alexander H. Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(9):1348–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Carreira S, Raux M, Leprince P, Riou B, Langeron O. Extracorporeal life support following out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011;15(1):R29. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9976.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Leary M, Grossestreuer AV, Iannacone S, Gonzalez M, Shofer FS, Povey C, Wendell G, Archer SE, Gaieski DF, Abella BS. Pyrexia and neurologic outcomes after therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(8):1056–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee BK, Jeung KW, Lee HY, Lim JH. Outcomes of therapeutic hypothermia in unconscious patients after near-hanging. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(9):748–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2011-200493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Legriel S, Bouyon A, Nekhili N, Tremey B, Abbosh N, Henry M, Troche G, Guezennec P, Bruneel F, Bedos JP. Therapeutic hypothermia for coma after cardiorespiratory arrest caused by hanging. Resuscitation. 2005;67(1):143–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Legriel S, Hilly-Ginoux J, Resche-Rigon M, Merceron S, Pinoteau J, Henry-Lagarrigue M, Bruneel F, Nguyen A, Guezennec P, Troche G, Richard O, Pico F, Bedos JP. Prognostic value of electrographic postanoxic status epilepticus in comatose cardiac-arrest survivors in the therapeutic hypothermia era. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):343–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Leick J, Liebetrau C, Szardien S, Fischer-Rasokat U, Willmer M, van Linden A, Blumenstein J, Nef H, Rolf A, Arlt M, Walther T, Hamm C, Mollmann H. Door-to-implantation time of extracorporeal life support systems predicts mortality in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013;102(9):661–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-013-0580-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Logue ES, McMichael MJ, Callaway CW. Comparison of the effects of hypothermia at 33 degrees C or 35 degrees C after cardiac arrest in rats. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(4):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2006.10.097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Luna GK, Maier RV, Pavlin EG, Anardi D, Copass MK, Oreskovich MR. Incidence and effect of hypothermia in seriously injured patients. J Trauma. 1987;27(9):1014–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lybeck A, Friberg H, Aneman A, Hassager C, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Nielsen N, Ullen S, Wise MP, Westhall E, Cronberg T, TT-t Investigators. Prognostic significance of clinical seizures after cardiac arrest and target temperature management. Resuscitation. 2017;114:146–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.01.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(5):1186–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827ca4c8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Mattia AD, Pellis T, Gregori D, Nielsen N, Campanile V, Peratoner A, Brunetti I, Pelosi P, Kjaergaard J, Hassager C. Time to target temperature and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2015;132:A13943.

    Google Scholar 

  81. McCullough JN, Zhang N, Reich DL, Juvonen TS, Klein JJ, Spielvogel D, Ergin MA, Griepp RB. Cerebral metabolic suppression during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(6):1895–9; discussion 1919–1821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. McIntosh TK, Vink R, Yamakami I, Faden AI. Magnesium protects against neurological deficit after brain injury. Brain Res. 1989;482(2):252–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Merchant RM, Yang L, Becker LB, Berg RA, Nadkarni V, Nichol G, Carr BG, Mitra N, Bradley SM, Abella BS, Groeneveld PW, American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation I. Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(11):2401–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182257459.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Michelson AD, MacGregor H, Barnard MR, Kestin AS, Rohrer MJ, Valeri CR. Reversible inhibition of human platelet activation by hypothermia in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 1994;71(5):633–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Abella BS, Kerlin MP, Fuchs BD, Schweickert WD, Berg RA, Mosesso VN, Shofer FS, Gaieski DF, American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation I. Use of therapeutic hypothermia after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(6):1385–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318287f2c4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Milde LN. Clinical use of mild hypothermia for brain protection: a dream revisited. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1992;4(3):211–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Millin MG, Comer AC, Nable JV, Johnston PV, Lawner BJ, Woltman N, Levy MJ, Seaman KG, Hirshon JM. Patients without ST elevation after return of spontaneous circulation may benefit from emergent percutaneous intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2016;108:54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.09.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mori E, del Zoppo GJ, Chambers JD, Copeland BR, Arfors KE. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence suppresses no-reflow after focal cerebral ischemia in baboons. Stroke. 1992;23(5):712–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mulder M, Gibbs HG, Smith SW, Dhaliwal R, Scott NL, Sprenkle MD, Geocadin RG. Awakening and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in cardiac arrest survivors treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(12):2493–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Horn J, Hovdenes J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wise MP, Aneman A, Al-Subaie N, Boesgaard S, Bro-Jeppesen J, Brunetti I, Bugge JF, Hingston CD, Juffermans NP, Koopmans M, Kober L, Langorgen J, Lilja G, Moller JE, Rundgren M, Rylander C, Smid O, Werer C, Winkel P, Friberg H, Investigators TTMT. Targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2197–206. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Nolan JP, Hazinski MF, Aickin R, Bhanji F, Billi JE, Callaway CW, Castren M, de Caen AR, Ferrer JM, Finn JC, Gent LM, Griffin RE, Iverson S, Lang E, Lim SH, Maconochie IK, Montgomery WH, Morley PT, Nadkarni VM, Neumar RW, Nikolaou NI, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Singletary EM, Soar J, Travers AH, Welsford M, Wyllie J, Zideman DA. Part 1: executive summary: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation. 2015;95:e1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, Bottiger BW, Callaway C, Clark RS, Geocadin RG, Jauch EC, Kern KB, Laurent I, Longstreth WT, Merchant RM, Morley P, Morrison LJ, Nadkarni V, Peberdy MA, Rivers EP, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Sellke FW, Spaulding C, Sunde K, Hoek TV. Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A scientific statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation. 2008;79(3):350–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.09.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Nozari A, Safar P, Stezoski SW, Wu X, Kostelnik S, Radovsky A, Tisherman S, Kochanek PM. Critical time window for intra-arrest cooling with cold saline flush in a dog model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2006;113(23):2690–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Early multimodal outcome prediction after cardiac arrest in patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1340–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Oguayo KN, Oyetayo OO, Stewart D, Costa SM, Jones RO. Successful use of therapeutic hypothermia in a pregnant patient. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015;42(4):367–71. https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-14-4331.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Palmer C, Vannucci RC, Christensen MA, Brucklacher RM. Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during hypothermia in newborn dogs. Anesthesiology. 1989;71(5):730–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Patt A, McCroskey BL, Moore EE. Hypothermia-induced coagulopathies in trauma. Surg Clin North Am. 1988;68(4):775–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Paul M, Bougouin W, Geri G, Dumas F, Champigneulle B, Legriel S, Charpentier J, Mira JP, Sandroni C, Cariou A. Delayed awakening after cardiac arrest: prevalence and risk factors in the Parisian registry. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(7):1128–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4349-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Perman SM, Ellenberg JH, Grossestreuer AV, Gaieski DF, Leary M, Abella BS, Carr BG. Shorter time to target temperature is associated with poor neurologic outcome in post-arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management. Resuscitation. 2015a;88:114–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.10.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Perman SM, Goyal M, Neumar RW, Topjian AA, Gaieski DF. Clinical applications of targeted temperature management. Chest. 2014;145(2):386–93. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-3025.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Perman SM, Grossestreuer AV, Wiebe DJ, Carr BG, Abella BS, Gaieski DF. The utility of therapeutic hypothermia for post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients with an initial nonshockable rhythm. Circulation. 2015b;132(22):2146–51. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016317.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: indications and evidence. Intensive Care Med. 2004a;30(4):556–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-2152-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality--part 2: practical aspects and side effects. Intensive Care Med. 2004b;30(5):757–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-2151-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Polderman KH. Induced hypothermia and fever control for prevention and treatment of neurological injuries. Lancet. 2008;371(9628):1955–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60837-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7 Suppl):S186–202. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aa5241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Polderman KH, Herold I. Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):1101–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181962ad5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(5):697–705. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.5.0697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Polderman KH, Rijnsburger ER, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Induction of hypothermia in patients with various types of neurologic injury with use of large volumes of ice-cold intravenous fluid. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(12):2744–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Polderman KH, van Zanten AR, Girbes AR. The importance of magnesium in critically ill patients: a role in mitigating neurological injury and in the prevention of vasospasms. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(7):1202–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-1787-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ponz I, Lopez-de-Sa E, Armada E, Caro J, Blazquez Z, Rosillo S, Gonzalez O, Rey JR, Monedero Mdel C, Lopez-Sendon JL. Influence of the temperature on the moment of awakening in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016;103:32–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.03.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, Wang D, Jordan M, Rich N. Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;190(3):288–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rosomoff HL, Holaday DA. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia. Am J Phys. 1954;179(1):85–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Rossetti AO, Carrera E, Oddo M. Early EEG correlates of neuronal injury after brain anoxia. Neurology. 2012;78(11):796–802. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318249f6bb.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Logroscino G, Kaplan PW. Prognostication after cardiac arrest and hypothermia: a prospective study. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(3):301–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Rubeiz GJ, Thill-Baharozian M, Hardie D, Carlson RW. Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(2):203–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K, Asai Y, Yokota H, Nara S, Hase M, Tahara Y, Atsumi T, Group S-JS. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation. 2014;85(6):762–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Samaniego EA, Mlynash M, Caulfield AF, Eyngorn I, Wijman CA. Sedation confounds outcome prediction in cardiac arrest survivors treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(1):113–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9412-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Sessler DI. Defeating normal thermoregulatory defenses: induction of therapeutic hypothermia. Stroke. 2009;40(11):e614–21. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.520858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Shafi S, Elliott AC, Gentilello L. Is hypothermia simply a marker of shock and injury severity or an independent risk factor for mortality in trauma patients? Analysis of a large national trauma registry. J Trauma. 2005;59(5):1081–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Shin J, Lee H, Kim J, Kim J, Choi S, Jeung K, Cho I, Cha G, Kim G, Han C, Lee D, Park K, Suh G, Hwang S. Outcomes of hanging-induced cardiac arrest patients who underwent therapeutic hypothermia: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Resuscitation. 2014;85(8):1047–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.04.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Small DL, Morley P, Buchan AM. Biology of ischemic cerebral cell death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1999;42(3):185–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M, Bottiger BW, Brooks SC, Deakin CD, Donnino MW, Drajer S, Kloeck W, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Neumar RW, Nicholson TC, Nolan JP, Okada K, O'Neil BJ, Paiva EF, Parr MJ, Wang TL, Witt J, Advanced Life Support Chapter C. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation. 2015;95:e71–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Sterz F, Safar P, Tisherman S, Radovsky A, Kuboyama K, Oku K. Mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med. 1991;19(3):379–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V, Smith K, Walker T, Sheldrake J, Hockings L, Shaw J, Duffy SJ, Burrell A, Cameron P, de Smit V, Kaye DM. Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation. 2015;86:88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D, Mangschau A, Jensen LP, Smedsrud C, Draegni T, Steen PA. Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2007;73(1):29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.08.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Tisherman SA, Safar P, Radovsky A, Peitzman A, Marrone G, Kuboyama K, Weinrauch V. Profound hypothermia (less than 10 degrees C) compared with deep hypothermia (15 degrees C) improves neurologic outcome in dogs after two hours' circulatory arrest induced to enable resuscitative surgery. J Trauma. 1991;31(8):1051–61; discussion 1061–1052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Trzeciak S, Jones AE, Kilgannon JH, Milcarek B, Hunter K, Shapiro NI, Hollenberg SM, Dellinger P, Parrillo JE. Significance of arterial hypotension after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(11):2895–903; quiz 2904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Valeri CR, MacGregor H, Cassidy G, Tinney R, Pompei F. Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(4):698–704.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van Kooten F, Dirven CM, van Gijn J, Vermeulen M, Rinkel GJ, Group MS. Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36(5):1011–5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000160801.96998.57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Watts DD, Trask A, Soeken K, Perdue P, Dols S, Kaufmann C. Hypothermic coagulopathy in trauma: effect of varying levels of hypothermia on enzyme speed, platelet function, and fibrinolytic activity. J Trauma. 1998;44(5):846–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Webb AC, Samuels OB. Reversible brain death after cardiopulmonary arrest and induced hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(6):1538–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182186687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wee JH, You YH, Lim H, Choi WJ, Lee BK, Park JH, Park KN, Choi SP, Korean Hypothermia Network I. Outcomes of asphyxial cardiac arrest patients who were treated with therapeutic hypothermia: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Resuscitation. 2015;89:81–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, Schulzki I, Werner D. Early achievement of mild therapeutic hypothermia and the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133(2):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Woods KL, Fletcher S, Roffe C, Haider Y. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: results of the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2). Lancet. 1992;339(8809):1553–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Yannopoulos D, Bartos JA, Martin C, Raveendran G, Missov E, Conterato M, Frascone RJ, Trembley A, Sipprell K, John R, George S, Carlson K, Brunsvold ME, Garcia S, Aufderheide TP. Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium's advanced perfusion and reperfusion cardiac life support strategy for out-of-hospital refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(6):e003732. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003732.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Yenari MA, Han HS. Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia in brain ischaemia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(4):267–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Zanyk-McLean K, Sawyer KN, Paternoster R, Shievitz R, Devlin W, Swor R. Time to awakening is often delayed in patients who receive targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest. Ther Hypother Temp Manag. 2016;7(2):95–100. https://doi.org/10.1089/ther.2016.0030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Zhao D, Abella BS, Beiser DG, Alvarado JP, Wang H, Hamann KJ, Hoek TL, Becker LB. Intra-arrest cooling with delayed reperfusion yields higher survival than earlier normothermic resuscitation in a mouse model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2008;77(2):242–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hasan B. Alam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hsu, C.H., Alam, H.B. (2018). Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest. In: Salim, A., Brown, C., Inaba, K., Martin, M. (eds) Surgical Critical Care Therapy . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71711-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71712-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics