Skip to main content

Networks, Social Capital and the Burden of Performativity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Independent Television Production in the UK
  • 277 Accesses

Abstract

Networking is central to work in independent television production. Cultural workers in the field find work, maintain their careers and seek to advance through networks, and the sector itself is reliant on networks to function. This chapter explores the classed, exclusionary nature of the networked labour market in the ITPS, which favours individuals with high levels of social and cultural capital. The chapter provides an analysis of networked labour in the mid-2000s, and then advances the analysis by ten years, drawing on new interviews with the research participants. In doing so, it explores how the networked nature of the labour market has changed, as well as the impact on participants’ subjectivities of being within a networked, performative environment over a significant period of their working lives. The analysis looks at the psychosocial impact of the increased ubiquity of social media, from Facebook to Instagram to Twitter to LinkedIn, on the labour process in television work. Do the new modes of networking provide a greater range of opportunities for individuals to access the labour market and to stay connected with it; or do they force individuals to perform a ‘meat mask’, creating new burdens and demands for workers?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Allen, K., J. Quinn, S. Hollingworth, and A. Rose. 2013. Becoming employable students and ‘ideal’ creative workers: Exclusion and inequality in higher education work placements. British Journal of Sociology of Education 34 (3): 431–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antcliff, V., R. Saundry, and M. Stuart 2005a. Freelance worker networks in audio visual industries. Working paper No.4: University of Central Lancashire, Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antcliff, V., M. Stuart, and R. Saundry. 2005b. Informal networks and the representation of workers’ interests. Interim report: University of Central Lancashire, Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, D. 2013. Cultural workers in-the-making. European Journal of Cultural Studies 16 (4): 468–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks, M., A. Lovatt, J. O’Connor, and C. Raffo. 2000. Risk and trust in the cultural industries. Geoforum 31 (4): 453–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000. The brave new world of work. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, H. 2001. You’re only as good as your last job’: The labour process and labour market in the British film industry. Work, Employment and Society 15 (1): 149–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, H., and A. Rainnie. 2000. Flexible films? Media, Culture & Society 22: 187–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L., and E. Chiapello. 2005. The new spirit of capitalism. In London. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1986. The forms of capital. In Handbook for theory and research for the sociology of education, ed. J.G. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., and L. Wacquant. 1992. An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • British Film Institute. 1999. Television industry tracking study, third report. London: BFI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., and R. Scase. 1994. Higher education and corporate realities: Class, culture and the decline of graduate careers. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R.S. 1995. Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campion, M.J. 2005. Look who’s talking: Cultural diversity, public service broadcasting and the national conversation. Oxford: Nuffield College, Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. 1996. The rise of the network society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, K. 2009. These foolish things: On intimacy and insignificance in mobile media. In Mobile technologies: From telecommunications to media, ed. G. Goggin and L. Hjorth, 252–266. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creative and Cultural Skills. 2006. Campaign launched to improve careers support. Retrieved 31 August, 2007, from http://www.ccskills.org.uk/news/story.asp?pageid=939&siteID=1&pageTypeID=.

  • Fevre, R. 1989. Informal practices, flexible firms and private labour markets. Sociology 23 (1): 91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. 1984. The constitution of society. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabher, G. 2004. Learning in projects, remembering in networks? Communality, sociality, and connectivity in project ecologies. European Urban and Regional Studies 11 (2): 99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grugulis, I., and D. Stoyanova. 2012. Social capital and networks in film and TV: Jobs for the boys? Organization Studies 33 (10): 1311–1331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. 2008. Meat, mask, burden: Probing the contours of the brandedself. Journal of Consumer Culture 8 (2): 197–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Structuring feeling: Web 2.0, online ranking and rating, and the digital ‘reputation’ economy. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organisation 10 (3/4): 421–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holgate, J., and S. McKay. 2007. Institutional barriers to recruitment and employment in the audio visual industries. The effect on black and minority ethnic workers. London: Working Lives Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPPR. 2014. White, London elite should open up UK creative industries “closed shop”. Available online at https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/white-london-elite-should-open-up-uk-creative-industries-closed-shop. Accessed 4 Aug 2017.

  • Johnson, R. 1993. Introduction. In The field of cultural production : Essays on art and literature, ed. P. Bourdieu. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, H., and R. Muir, eds. 2006. Sticking together: Social capital and local government. London: IPPR.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. 2005. Structure and agency. In Modern social theory: An introduction, ed. A. Harrington, 215–232. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lair, D.J., K. Sullivan, and G. Cheney. 2005. Marketization and the recasting of the professional self: The rhetoric and ethics of personal branding. Management communication quarterly 18 (3): 307–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lash, S., and J. Urry. 1994. Economies of signs and space. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbeater, C., and P. Miller. 2004. The pro-am revolution: How enthusiasts are changing our economy and society. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. 2011. Networks, cultural capital and creative labour in the British independent television industry. Media, Culture & Society 33 (4): 549–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Creative networks and social capital. Cultural Work and Higher Education: 195–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Internships, workfare, and the cultural industries: A British perspective. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 13 (2): 459–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D., D. Hesmondhalgh, K. Oakley, and M. Nisbett. 2014. Regional creative industries policy-making under New Labour. Cultural Trends 23 (4): 217–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, R., and J. Onyx. 2003. Networking through loose and strong ties: An Australian qualitative study. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 14 (2): 189–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. 2007. Social network profiles as taste performances. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (1): 252–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, J.M.V. 2004. Social capital benchmarking system: Profiting from social capital when building network organizations. Journal of Intellectual Capital 5 (3): 426–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marwick, A.E., and D. Boyd. 2011. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13 (1): 114–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McRobbie, A. 2005. The uses of cultural studies: A textbook. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mediatique. 2005. From the cottage to the city: The evolution of the UK independent production sector. London: Mediatique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, V. 2008. New media, networking and phatic culture. Convergence 14 (4): 387–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahapiet, J., and S. Ghoshal. 1996. Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 23 (2): 242–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakley, K. 2006. Include us out – Economic development and social policy in the creative industries. Cultural Trends 15 (4): 255–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakley, K., and A. Erskine. 2004. Review of ‘The Club’ for the Institute of Contemporary Arts/London Development Agency. Unpublished report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, R. 2001. Work histories in television. Media, Culture & Society 23 (4): 495–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlin, Ross. 2012. Intern nation: How to earn nothing and learn little in the brave new economy. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, T. 1997. The brand called you. Fast Company 10 (10): 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, A.C. 1998. Making digital spaces: A constructivist critique of the network society. unpublished paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. New media: Work organisation and place. Paper presented at the International Labour Process Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. March 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R.D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York/London: Simon & Schuster.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Randle, K., C. Forson, and M. Calveley. 2015. Towards a Bourdieusian analysis of the social composition of the UK film and television workforce. Work, Employment and Society 29 (4): 590–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, A. 2012. Beards, scarves, halal meat, terrorists, forced marriage’: Television industries and the production of ‘race. Media, Culture & Society 34 (4): 424–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, T., ed. 2012. Digital labor: The Internet as playground and factory. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A.J. 2005. On Hollywood: The place, the industry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennett, R. 1998. The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. The culture of the new capitalism. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skillset. 2014. The creative media workforce survey 2014: Summary report. London: Skillset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ursell, G. 1997. Employment practices and labour markets in the British commercial television industry: A case study of the Northern region since 1988. Leeds: University of Leeds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, J., and S. Dex. 2003. Mothers returning to TV production work in a changing environment. In Cultural work: Understanding the cultural industries, ed. A. Beck, 121–141. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittel, A. 2001. Towards a network sociality. Theory, Culture and Society 18 (6): 51–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolcock, M., and D. Narayan. 2000. Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer 15 (2): 225–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lee, D. (2018). Networks, Social Capital and the Burden of Performativity. In: Independent Television Production in the UK. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71670-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics