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Moderate Schemes and Rising Tensions, 1699–1708

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Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

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Abstract

This chapter considers domestic political affairs after 1699 and the parliamentary sessions that took place during the administrations of James Butler, 2nd duke of Ormonde, from 1703 to 1705, and that of his successor, Thomas Herbert, earl of Pembroke, from 1705 to 1707. During this time, the clergy of the Church of Ireland met in convocation and the proceedings of that assembly are also considered here. Overall, this chapter shows that divisions between the parties in the Irish parliament were coming into sharper focus during the period, something increasingly reflected in domestic print output. Meanwhile, religious debate was becoming more politicised.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    CSPD 1699–1700, 150, 152–53; Henry Horwitz, Parliament , Policy, and Politics in the Reign of William III (Manchester, 1977), 255–56.

  2. 2.

    CSPD 1699–1700, 150, 152–53; J. G. Simms, The Williamite Confiscation in Ireland, 1690–1703 (Westport, 1976), 99; Horwitz, Parliament, 262–63.

  3. 3.

    Simms, Williamite Confiscation, 105; D. W. Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 1685–1742: Politics, Politicians and Parties (Woodbridge, 2004), 75. Francis Annesley, John Trenchard, James Hamilton and Henry Longford subscribed their names to the report.

  4. 4.

    Simms, Williamite Confiscation, 106; Horwitz, Parliament, 267–68.

  5. 5.

    Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 82; S. J. Connolly, Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1999), 56–57.

  6. 6.

    Alan to St John Brodrick, 20 Jan. 1702 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/51–2). Clerical opposition to the campaign appears to have been widespread. See Alan to Thomas Brodrick, [28] Jan. 1702 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/59–60); Simms, Williamite Confiscation, 105; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 82.

  7. 7.

    The Report of the Commissioners Appointed by Parliament to Enquire into the Irish Forfeitures (Dublin, 1700).

  8. 8.

    Flying Post, 29 June 1702.

  9. 9.

    P. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens, A Political Biography of Daniel Defoe (London, 2006), 14–15; William Lee, Daniel Defoe : His Life, and Recently Discovered Writings (London, 1869), 45.

  10. 10.

    [Daniel  Defoe], You True-Born Englishmen Proceed Some Trifling Crimes Detect ([Dublin?], 1701).

  11. 11.

    Jus Regium: Or, the King’s Right to Grant Forfeitures, and Other Revenues of the Crown (London, 1701), 13; [Charles  Davenant], Discourse of Grants and Resumptions (London, 1700); Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 79.

  12. 12.

    Alan to Thomas Brodrick, 13 May 1701 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/20–21).

  13. 13.

    Alan to [St John Brodrick], 10 Mar. 1702 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/56r-s).

  14. 14.

    [John  Trenchard], The Secret History of the Trust (London, 1702); Lewis Moore, Mr. Moore of Ballyna’s Deposition, Relating to the Paragraph for in the Six Penny Secret History of the Trust ([Dublin?, 1702?]).

  15. 15.

    [John  Trenchard], The Several Addresses of Some Irish Folkes to the King and the House of Commons ([London?], 1702), 1.

  16. 16.

    [Trenchard], 2–3, 6, 11.

  17. 17.

    A Letter from a Soldier, Being Some Remarks upon a Late Scandalous Pamphlet ([Dublin?, 1702?]), 2.

  18. 18.

    Alan to St John Brodrick, 7 Feb. 1702 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/55–6). Brodrick made reference to the rage of the trustees over the campaign of addresses and the bill of indictment against their printer ‘one Camell’, their clerk and William Trenchard, their secretary, for printing ‘a libel made to ridicule the addresse’. No publishers by the name Camell operated in Dublin but it is safe to assume that he was referring to Patrick Campbell. See Alan to St John Brodrick, 22 Feb. 1702 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/56a–b); William Trenchard to ‘Mr Recorder’ (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/53–4); Simms, Williamite Confiscation, 126.

  19. 19.

    Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 72–74.

  20. 20.

    Hayton, 87.

  21. 21.

    Hayton, 72–74.

  22. 22.

    For example, Forfeitures under Mentioned in the County of Kilkenny , Consisting of Farms and Lands Following Will Be Expos’d to Sale at Chichester-House, Dublin, on Tuesday the 20th Day of April, 1703. Cant to the Best Bidder (Dublin, 1703).

  23. 23.

    Flying Post, 11 Feb. 1703.

  24. 24.

    Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 883.

  25. 25.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 27, 91–92; C. I. McGrath, ‘Alan Brodrick and the Speakership of the Irish House of Commons, 1703–4’, in People, Politics and Power: Essays on Irish History 1660–1850 in Honour of James I . McGuire, ed. James Kelly, John McCafferty, and C. I. McGrath (Dublin, 2009), 70–93.

  26. 26.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 150–51.

  27. 27.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 150–51.

  28. 28.

    CJI, 2:317.

  29. 29.

    CJI, 2:317; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 90.

  30. 30.

    CJI, 2:321; CSPD 1703–1704, 141.

  31. 31.

    John Asgill, An Argument ([London], 1700); Edward Nicholson, An Answer to Mr. Asgill’s Book (Dublin, 1702); John Stearne, The Death and Burial of John Asgill , Esq. (Dublin, 1702).

  32. 32.

    CJI, 2:317, 333–34; CSPD 1703–1704, 130–32, 156–57. For reaction to Asgill’s condemnation in London see Egmont MSS, II, 213.

  33. 33.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 198.

  34. 34.

    Proposals for Raising a Million of Money out of the Forfeited Estates in Ireland (Dublin, 1704).

  35. 35.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 198.

  36. 36.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 198; CJI, 2:390.

  37. 37.

    CJI, 2:341–42.

  38. 38.

    CJI, 2:341–42.

  39. 39.

    See C. I. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution: Government, Parliament and the Revenue, 1692–1714 (Dublin, 2000), 172; C. I. McGrath, ‘The “Union” Representation of 1703 in the Irish House of Commons: A Case of Mistaken Identity?’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland 23 (2008): 11–35; J. G. Simms, ‘The Treaty of Limerick’, in War and Politics in Ireland, 1649–1730, ed. D. W. Hayton and Gerard O’Brien (London, 1987), 259; James Kelly, ‘The Origins of the Act of Union: An Examination of Unionist Opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650–1800’, Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 99 (1987): 237; Jim Smyth, ‘“Like Amphibious Animals”: Irish Protestants, Ancient Britons, 1691–1707’, Historical Journal 36, no. 4 (1993): 788.

  40. 40.

    McGrath, Constitution, 172; McGrath, ‘The “Union” Representation of 1703 in the Irish House of Commons: A Case of Mistaken Identity?’, 11–35.

  41. 41.

    McGrath, Constitution, 181.

  42. 42.

    See James Kelly, ‘Sustaining a Confessional State’, in Eighteenth-Century Composite State: Representative Institutions in Ireland and Europe, 1689–1800, ed. James Kelly, John Bergin, and D. W. Hayton (Dublin, 2010), 51–52.

  43. 43.

    See Kelly, 52; Philip O’Regan, Archbishop William King , 1650–1729 and the Constitution in Church and State (Dublin, 2000), 139.

  44. 44.

    Geoffrey Holmes, British Politics in the Age of Anne, 2nd ed. (London, 1987), 99; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 188–89.

  45. 45.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 542; CJI, 2:76.

  46. 46.

    CJI, 2:401.

  47. 47.

    CJI, 2:341, 401; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 93; D. W. Hayton, ‘A Debate in the Irish House of Commons in 1703: A Whiff of Tory Grapeshot’, Parliamentary History 10 (1991): 151–63.

  48. 48.

    CJI, 2:4; CJI, 2:318; A True List of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, Together with the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses of This Present Parliament (Dublin, 1703).

  49. 49.

    For example, Votes of the House of Commons, in Ireland (Dublin, 1703), 8–9, 12–13.

  50. 50.

    CJI, 2:319, 329.

  51. 51.

    CJI, 2:18, 21, 26, 87.

  52. 52.

    [Daniel  Defoe], A New Test of the Church of England ’s Loyalty (London, [1702?]); See also Gilbert Burnet, The Bishop of Salisbury’s Speech in the House of Lords (Dublin, 1704); Benjamin Hoadly, The Reasonableness of Constant Communion with the Church of England (Dublin, 1704).

  53. 53.

    [Defoe], A New Test, 8.

  54. 54.

    [Daniel  Defoe], The Paralel: Or, Persecution of Protestants the Shortest Way to Prevent the Growth of Popery in Ireland (Dublin, 1705). The ESTC suggests that the imprint, ‘Dublin: Printed in the Year, 1705’, may be false. In 1712, Tisdall asserted that the Paralel may have been printed in Belfast but was definitely circulated there ‘with great Caution and Secrecy’ ([William  Tisdall], The Conduct of the Dissenters of Ireland (Dublin, 1712), 75–76).

  55. 55.

    [Defoe], Paralel [n.p.] 19, 23–26.

  56. 56.

    See William Kolbrener, ‘The Charge of Socinianism: Charles Leslie’s High Church Defense of “True Religion”’, Journal of the Historical Society 3, no. 1 (2003): 7.

  57. 57.

    The absence of an imprint on one edition suggests that it was printed for circulation to MPs. See The case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland (Dublin?, 1703?) (ESTC no. N40315). Another edition of the Case did have an imprint stating ‘Dublin: reprinted, 1703’ (ESTC no. T213893). The third edition referred to the bill by its full title (ESTC no. N40723).

  58. 58.

    CSPD 1703–1704, 180–82 . The articles of Limerick were appended to the first two editions of the Case.  See also The Articles of Limerick , Ratified under the Great Seal of England. William Rex (Dublin, [1703?]).

  59. 59.

    The State and Case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland (Dublin, [1705?]), [2]–4.

  60. 60.

    An Impartial Relation of the Several Arguments of Sir Stephen Rice , Sir Theobald Butler , and Councellor Malone, at the Bar of the House of Commons of Ireland , Feb. 22. and at the Bar of the House of Lords , Feb. 28th. 1703 (Dublin, 1704), 14–15; CSPD 1703–1704, 542.

  61. 61.

    Impartial Relation, 21–29; CJI, 2:73; CSPD 1703–1704, 542.

  62. 62.

    Impartial Relation, 47.

  63. 63.

    McGrath, Constitution, 181.

  64. 64.

    Edward Southwell to Sir Charles Hedges, 20 Feb. 1705 (TNA, SP 63/365/83)

  65. 65.

    CJI, 2:151; Southwell to Hedges, 16 June 1705 (TNA, SP 63/365/344); Alan to Thomas Brodrick, 18 June 1705 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/211–12).

  66. 66.

    Southwell to Hedges, 14 Mar. 1705 (TNA, SP63/365/122–3).

  67. 67.

    S. J. Connolly, ‘Reformers and Highflyers: The Post-Revolution Church’, in As by Law Established: The Church of Ireland since the Reformation, ed. James McGuire and Kenneth Milne (Dublin, 1995), 156; CJI, 2:447.

  68. 68.

    CJI, 2:148.

  69. 69.

    Gerald Bray, ed., Records of Convocation , XVIII: Ireland, 1690–1869, Pt 2. Lower House: 1703–1713; Both Houses: 1714–1869, vol. XVIII (Woodbridge, 2006), 69. Gerald Bray, ed., Records of Convocation, XVII: Ireland, 1690–1869, Pt 1. Both Houses: 1690–1702; Upper House: 1703–1713, vol. XVII (Woodbridge, 2006), 9–12.

  70. 70.

    William King to John Vesey, archbishop of Tuam, 17 Apr. 1705, quoted in Richard Mant, History of the Church of Ireland, vol. 2 (London, 1840), 177.

  71. 71.

    A Timely Caveat of the Inferiour Clergy of Ireland, against a Bill Entituled, an Act for Purchasing Glebes, &c. (London, 1704). No Dublin edition appears to be extant.

  72. 72.

    Bray, Records, 2006, XVIII:51–52.

  73. 73.

    Bray, XVIII:51–52, 60, 61.

  74. 74.

    Bray, XVIII:64, 71; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 136.

  75. 75.

    Bray, Records, 2006, XVIII:64, 71; Bray, Records, 2006, XVII:8.

  76. 76.

    Alan to St John Brodrick, 8 May 1705 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/201–2).

  77. 77.

    Edward Wetenhall, Invisibilia, 20 May 1705 (Dublin, 1705), V.

  78. 78.

    See e.g. John Stearne, Concio Habita Ad Reverendissimos Archiepiscopos (Dublin, 1704).

  79. 79.

    CJI, 2:468.

  80. 80.

    No ESTC record. However, one copy of the printed resolutions is located in the Oireachtas Library. See Die Sabbati, 2do Die Mensis Junij, 1705. Resolutions of the Arch-Bishops, Bishops and Clergy in Convocation Assembled (Dublin, [1705]), 1–2.

  81. 81.

    William King to John Vesey, 4 July 1705, in Mant, History, 2:179.

  82. 82.

    Bray, Records, 2006, XVII:188. A preamble to an early draft of the declaration stated that it had been occasioned by aspersions ‘which they are informed have in common conversation been cast upon some of the clergy of the established church’ (Bray, XVII:191, 193–95).

  83. 83.

    Ormonde MSS, vol. 8, N.S., 197–98; The Grand Jury of the City of Dublin ’s Presentment (Dublin, 1705).

  84. 84.

    [William  King], The Swan Tripe-Club in Dublin. A Satyr (Dublin, 1706), 3–5; Ormonde MSS, 8:210–11.

  85. 85.

    [King], Swan Tripe-Club, 5, 7; D. W. Hayton, ‘Irish Tories and Victims of Whig Persecution: Sacheverell Fever by Proxy’, Parliamentary History 31, no. 1 (2012): 85–86.

  86. 86.

    Alan to St John Brodrick, 1 Dec. 1705 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/234–5).

  87. 87.

    See e.g. Éamonn Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766: A Fatal Attachment (Dublin, 2004), 169.

  88. 88.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:XLVI, 197–98, 201–2. It is notable that Brodrick felt it necessary to explain to his brother in London that the Irish whigs had in ‘our votes of the 25th of May last’ pre-empted their English counterparts ‘in making it treason here by writing or advised speaking to maintain the right of the pretended prince of Wales’. If his brother had any doubts that Irish proceedings had pre-empted the ‘Church in Danger’ debate in England, Brodrick assured him that ‘a friend’ of his had seen a draft of the presentment several weeks before it was actually brought into the court. See Alan to St John Brodrick, 1 Dec. 1705 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/234–5).

  89. 89.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:206–7; The Church of England Not in Danger (London, 1707), 4–6.

  90. 90.

    Francis Higgins, A Sermon Preach’d at the Royal Chappel at White-Hall; on Ash-Wednesday, 26 Feb. 1707 (London, 1707), 10.

  91. 91.

    Higgins, 12, 14.

  92. 92.

    The Church of England Not in Danger, 4–5.

  93. 93.

    A Postscript to Mr. Higgins’s Sermon, Very Necessary for the Better Understanding It. In a Dialogue (London, 1707).

  94. 94.

    Postscript, 1.

  95. 95.

    Francis Higgins, A Sermon Preach’d before Their Excellencies the Lords Justices, at Christ-Church, Dublin, 28 Aug. 1705 (London, 1707) [n.p.].

  96. 96.

    Higgins, 2.

  97. 97.

    McGrath, Constitution, 198; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 117.

  98. 98.

    McGrath, Constitution, 201.

  99. 99.

    CJI, 2:512.

  100. 100.

    Egmont MSS, vol. 2, 215–16.

  101. 101.

    CJI, 2:506; Ormonde MSS, 8:302–3.

  102. 102.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:304–5.

  103. 103.

    CJI, 2:514.

  104. 104.

    CJI, 2:514–15.

  105. 105.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:301–2.

  106. 106.

    Dodington to —, 14 Aug. 1707 (TNA, SP63/366/230).

  107. 107.

    Kelly, ‘Sustaining a Confessional State’, 53.

  108. 108.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:313–14.

  109. 109.

    CJI, 2:561.

  110. 110.

    CJI, 2:564; McGrath, Constitution, 209.

  111. 111.

    CJI, 2:559–60; Alan Brodrick, The Speaker’s Speech to the Lord Lieutenant, on Friday, October 24th, 1707 (Dublin, 1707); Dublin Intelligence, 28 Oct. 1707.

  112. 112.

    This Day His Excellency the Lord-Lieutenant Went in State to the Parliament House; Where Being in His Robes Sated on the Throne […] (Dublin, 1707).

  113. 113.

    An Essay to the Memory of John Lord Cutts, &c. Who Died January the Twenty Sixth 1706/7 (Dublin, 1707).

  114. 114.

    CJI, 2:179, 181.

  115. 115.

    Ormonde MSS, 8:302.

  116. 116.

    CJI, 2:172.

  117. 117.

    CJI, 2:172–73; Ormonde MSS, 8:302.

  118. 118.

    CJI, 2:513, 517, 520; CJI, 2:172.

  119. 119.

    CJI, 2:517.

  120. 120.

    Bray, Records, 2006, XVII:14.

  121. 121.

    Bray, XVII:261.

  122. 122.

    [Francis  Atterbury], Some Proceedings in the Convocation , A.D. 1705 (Dublin, 1708), 31.

  123. 123.

    [Atterbury], 30.

  124. 124.

    [Ralph  Lambert], Partiality Detected: Or, a Reply to a Late Pamphlet, Entituled, Some Proceedings in the Convocation, A.D. 1705 (London, 1708). The ESTC states that the publication was formerly attributed to Charles Trimnell. See also O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 169; Bray, Records, 2006, XVII:16–17.

  125. 125.

    [Lambert], Partiality Detected [n.p.].

  126. 126.

    [Lambert], 87. Pages 66, 67, 70, 71 are misnumbered as 86, 87, 90, 91 respectively. Page number as printed provided here.

  127. 127.

    For a summary of the procedural issues Lambert addressed in his ‘Letter’ see Bray, Records, 2006, XVII:17–18.

  128. 128.

    [Lambert], Partiality Detected, 69, 79, 80; [Ralph  Lambert], A Vindication of the Letter Publish’d in a Pamphlet, Call’d Partiality Detected (Dublin, 1710), IX. Joseph Addison to Lord Sunderland, 28 June 1709 (TNA SP 63/366/290).

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    Suzanne Forbes

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Forbes, S. (2018). Moderate Schemes and Rising Tensions, 1699–1708. In: Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71586-5_6

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