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Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714 pp 127–161Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Towards a Two-Party System, 1689–1699

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

Abstract

This chapter considers political and religious affairs in Ireland during the 1690s. By looking at the four parliamentary sessions of 1692, 1695, 1697 and 1698–1689 and debate between Anglican and dissenting Protestant ministers regarding issues such as occasional conformity and religious toleration, it is possible to trace the origins of whig and tory sentiment in Ireland. This chapter also considers extant printed material relevant to these developments in order to provide insight into the extent to which such material fed into deepening divisions in Irish society at this time.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    D. W. Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 1685–1742: Politics, Politicians and Parties (Woodbridge, 2004), 94.

  2. 2.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 195–96, 200–201, 205.

  3. 3.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 205; See James McGuire, ‘The Irish Parliament of 1692’, in Penal Era and Golden Age: Essays in Irish History, ed. Thomas Bartlett and D. W. Hayton (Dublin, 1979), 3–4.

  4. 4.

    McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 10.

  5. 5.

    McGuire, 9–10.

  6. 6.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 207–8.

  7. 7.

    McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 209.

  8. 8.

    CJI, 2:12, 14–15; CSPD 1695 & Add., 209–13; C. I. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution: Government, Parliament and the Revenue, 1692–1714 (Dublin, 2000), 81; McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 5, 8.

  9. 9.

    CJI, 2:18.

  10. 10.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 217.

  11. 11.

    CJI, 2:17; McGrath, Constitution, 81.

  12. 12.

    McGrath, Constitution, 81; An Account of the Sessions of Parliament in Ireland , 1692 (London, 1693), 9.

  13. 13.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 213–14.

  14. 14.

    CJI, 2:20–22; CSPD 1695 & Add., 214–15.

  15. 15.

    CJI, 2:22, 24–25.

  16. 16.

    CJI, 2:28; McGrath, Constitution, 83.

  17. 17.

    CJI, 2:28.

  18. 18.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 218.

  19. 19.

    CJI, 2:30, 34–35.

  20. 20.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 218; An Account of the Sessions of Parliament in Ireland , 1692, 21.

  21. 21.

    CJI, 2:34.

  22. 22.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 218.

  23. 23.

    LJI, 1:477–78.

  24. 24.

    No Dublin edition is listed on the ESTC but the Edinburgh edition refers to Dublin as the original place of publication. For further evidence of the existence of an earlier published Dublin copy see CSPD 1695 & Add., 21; Henry Sydney, His Excellency Henry Lord Viscount Sydney, His Speech […] On Thursday the Third of November (London, 1692); Henry Viscount Sydney, His Excellency Henry Lord Viscount Sydney, His Speech […] On Thursday the Third of November (s.l., 1692); Henry Sydney, His Excellency Henry Lord Viscount Sydney, His Speech […] On Thursday the Third of November (Edinburgh, 1692).

  25. 25.

    McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 22.

  26. 26.

    McGuire, 21–23; McGrath, Constitution, 89.

  27. 27.

    This pamphlet was likely published in the context of the subsequent enquiries made by both houses of the English Parliament into the governance of Ireland in late February 1693.

  28. 28.

    An Account of the Sessions of Parliament in Ireland , 1692, 26.

  29. 29.

    LJI, 1:477–78.

  30. 30.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 219.

  31. 31.

    Alan to [St John Brodrick], 6 May 1693 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/259–60).

  32. 32.

    CSPD 1693, 55–56; McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 24.

  33. 33.

    Henry Horwitz, Parliament , Policy, and Politics in the Reign of William III (Manchester, 1977), 111.

  34. 34.

    CSPD 1693, 55–56, 69.

  35. 35.

    CSPD 1693, 193–96, 234; By the Lord Lieutenant General, and General Governour of Ireland. A Proclamation, 26 June 1693 (Dublin, 1693).

  36. 36.

    Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 44–45.

  37. 37.

    CSPD 1694–1695, 236; HMC, Buccleuch MSS, vol. 2, 63–64, 81–82, 99–115, 152, 159–60; D. W. Hayton, Eveline Cruickshanks, and Stuart Handley, eds., The House of Commons , 1690–1715, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2002), 458; C. I. McGrath, ‘English Ministers, Irish Politicians and the Making of a Parliamentary Settlement in Ireland, 1692–5’, English Historical Review 119, no. 482 (2004): 593, 599, 601–5; McGrath, Constitution, 94; Horwitz, Parliament, 114–19.

  38. 38.

    HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:161, 165, 169; McGrath, ‘English Ministers’, 606–8.

  39. 39.

    CSPD 1694–1695, 461–62, 472–73.

  40. 40.

    CSPD 1694–1695, 475, 500; CSPD 1695 & Add., 2, 12, 19.

  41. 41.

    HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:161, 165, 169; CJI, 2:50, 52.

  42. 42.

    CJI, 2:54.

  43. 43.

    CJI, 2:55; HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:225.

  44. 44.

    HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:229, 233, 235.

  45. 45.

    CJI, 2:76–77, 82; HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:233–34.

  46. 46.

    CJI, 2:90–91.

  47. 47.

    HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:229, 233, 235.

  48. 48.

    CJI, 2:102–9; HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:248–49; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 57.

  49. 49.

    HMC, Buccleuch MSS, 2:248–50.

  50. 50.

    HMC, 2:257.

  51. 51.

    HMC, 2:272.

  52. 52.

    Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 62; David Dickson, New Foundations: Ireland 1660–1800 (Dublin, 2000), 46.

  53. 53.

    CJI, 2:145–46.

  54. 54.

    CSPD 1696, 208.

  55. 55.

    CSPD 1696, 459.

  56. 56.

    CSPD 1697, 181.

  57. 57.

    McGrath, Constitution, 132.

  58. 58.

    CSPD 1697, 286–87, 290; CJI, 2:156, 166–67, 299, 306–7.

  59. 59.

    CJI, 2:328–29, 492–93.

  60. 60.

    CJI, 2:170.

  61. 61.

    CJI, 2:186, 195–96; LJI, 1:635–37; CSPD 1697, 393; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 31.

  62. 62.

    CJI, 2:158, 177, 205.

  63. 63.

    CJI, 2:246; McGrath, Constitution, 139–40; H. F. Kearney, ‘The Political Background to English Mercantilism, 1695–1700’, English Historical Review 11, no. 3 (1959): 491–93.

  64. 64.

    CJI, 2:298; LJI, 1:751.

  65. 65.

    CSPD 1699–1700, 35.

  66. 66.

    Dickson, New Foundations: Ireland 1660–1800, 51; F. G. James, ‘Irish Colonial Trade in the Eighteenth Century’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3, 20 (1963): 577–78; Horwitz, Parliament, 256.

  67. 67.

    LJI, 1:605, 636; T. W. Moody and Simms, eds., The Bishopric of Derry and the Irish Society of London , 1602–1705, vol. II (Dublin, 1983), 192–204, 230–36; M. S. Flaherty, ‘The Empire Strikes Back: Annesley v. Sherlock and the Triumph of Imperial Parliamentary Supremacy’, Columbia Law Review 87, no. 3 (1987): 604.

  68. 68.

    Sheila Lambert, ‘Printing for the House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century’, The Library, 5, 23 (1968): 32; James Kelly, Proceedings of the Irish House of Lords , 1771–1800, vol. 1 (Dublin, 2008), XV.

  69. 69.

    Jason Peacey, ‘The Print Culture of Parliament, 1600–1800’, Parliamentary History 26, no. 1 (2007): 3–9; Mark Knights, ‘Parliament, Print and Corruption in Later Stuart Britain’, Parliamentary History 26, no. 1 (2007): 49; Thomas Cogswell, ‘The Politics of Propaganda: Charles I and the People in the 1620s’, Journal of British Studies 29, no. 3 (1990): 187–215.

  70. 70.

    Peacey, ‘The Print Culture of Parliament, 1600–1800’, 5; Knights, ‘Parliament, Print and Corruption in Later Stuart Britain’, 50; Lambert, ‘Printing for the House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century’, 25.

  71. 71.

    Henry Sydney, His Excellency Henry Lord Viscount Sydney, His Speech to Both Houses of Parliament, on Wednesday the Fifth of October. 1692 (Dublin, 1692); A True and Compleat List of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, Together with the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses, of the Present Parliament (Dublin, 1692); To His Excellency Henry, Lord Viscount Sidney […] the Humble Address of the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses in Parliament Assembled (Dublin, 1692); CJI, 2:13–16; LJI, 1:451.

  72. 72.

    The Names of the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses Returned to Serve in the Parliament Begun and Held at Dublin on Tuesday the 27th of August, 1695 (Dublin, 1695); Henry Lord Capel of Tewkesbury, His Excellency Henry Lord Capell His Speech to Both Houses of Parliament, at Dublin, on Tuesday the 27th of August, 1695. Published by Authority (Dublin, 1695); The Substance of an Act of Parliament , Made in Ireland , in the Seventh Year of the Reign of King William the Third, for Raising a Tax for His Majesty, by Way of Poll, and Otherwise (Dublin, 1695); The Poll-Act Abridged and Methodized (Dublin, 1695).

  73. 73.

    To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. The Humble Address of the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses in Parliament (Dublin, 1695); CJI, 2:143–44.

  74. 74.

    CJI, 2:13; Votes of the House of Commons, in Ireland (London, 1692).

  75. 75.

    CJI, 2:45.

  76. 76.

    CJI, 2:243, 318, 346, 493, 577, 645, 695, 747.

  77. 77.

    Peacey, ‘The Print Culture of Parliament, 1600–1800’, 5; H. H. Bellot, ‘Parliamentary Printing, 1660–1837’, Historical Research 11, no. 32 (1933): 86.

  78. 78.

    See for example, Alan to St John Brodrick, 3 May 1705 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/2/197–8).

  79. 79.

    CJI, 2:222–23.

  80. 80.

    CJI, 2:218, 224.

  81. 81.

    CJI, 2:281.

  82. 82.

    T. C. Barnard, Brought to Book: Print in Ireland, 1680–1784 (Dublin, 2017), 49–50.

  83. 83.

    LJI, 1:551–52, 555–56.

  84. 84.

    CJI, 2:127, 84–85. There is no ESTC record but the publication was referred to as a ‘paper’ and was not necessarily printed.

  85. 85.

    CJI, 2:248; By the Lords Justices and Council, a Proclamation. Winchester, Gallway. Whereas a Scandalous and Seditious Libel , Intituled, The Injured Protestant Vindicated, from False and Unjust Aspersions of Papists and Jacobites , or, an Answer by a French Officer in Cork , to a Letter Sent from an English Officer in Dublin, 19 Oct. 1698 (Dublin, 1698). There is no ESTC record for the pamphlet touching on the ‘woollen issue’, see TNA, SP 63/360/11–12.

  86. 86.

    LJI, 1:664.

  87. 87.

    Modus Tenendi Parliamenta in Hibernia (Dublin, 1692).

  88. 88.

    Henry Scobell, ‘“Rules and Customs”’, in Modus Tenendi Parliamenta in Hibernia (Dublin, 1692), 48.

  89. 89.

    McGuire, ‘Parliament of 1692’, 11.

  90. 90.

    Dickson, New Foundations: Ireland 1660–1800, 43.

  91. 91.

    The Address of the House of Commons to His Majesty, Touching the State of the Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin, 1692).

  92. 92.

    CJI, 2:85, 105; W. N. Osborough, ‘The Failure to Enact an Irish Bill of Rights: A Gap in Irish Constitutional History’, Irish Jurist 33 (1998): 392–416.

  93. 93.

    Anno Regni Gulielmi et Mariæ Regis et Reginæ Angliæ, Scotiæ, Franciæ, & Hiberniæ Primo. On the Sixteenth Day of December, Anno Dom. 1689. In the First Year of Their Majesties Reign, This Act Passed the Royal Assent (Dublin, 1695); Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and Settling the Succession of the Crown (Dublin, 1695); Two Acts of Parliament (Dublin, 1695); An Act against Corresponding with the Late King James (Dublin, 1698).

  94. 94.

    An Abstract of the Act for Remedying the III State of the Coyn of England (Dublin, [1696?]); The Case of the Coin Fairly Represented ([Dublin], 1697); see also Louis Cullen, ‘Economic Development 1691–1750’, in New History of Ireland, IV, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691–1800, ed. T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan, vol. IV (Oxford, 2009), 137; Dickson, New Foundations: Ireland 1660–1800, 49.

  95. 95.

    F. B., A Letter from a Gentleman in the Country, to a Member of the House of Commons in England (Dublin, 1698), 4, 8. F. B. may have stood for Francis Brewster, a member of the Irish Commons. However, Brewster published a response to the Letter entitled A Discourse Concerning Ireland (London, 1698). See Patrick Kelly, ‘Recasting a Tradition: William Molyneux and The Case of Ireland […] Stated’, in Political Thought in Seventeenth-Century Ireland: Kingdom or Colony, ed. Jane Ohlmeyer (Cambridge, 2000), 87–88; Patrick Kelly, ‘A Pamphlet Attributed to John Toland and an Unpublished Reply by Archbishop William King’, Topoi 4 (1985): 81–90.

  96. 96.

    An Answer to a Letter from a Gentleman in the Countrey (Dublin, 1698).

  97. 97.

    William Molyneux, The Case of Ireland’s Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England, Stated (Dublin, 1698).

  98. 98.

    See Kelly, ‘Recasting a Tradition: William Molyneux and The Case of Ireland […] Stated’, 83–106; Patrick Kelly, ‘William Molyneux and the Spirit of Liberty in Eighteenth-Century Ireland’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland 3 (1988): 133–48; J. G. Simms, ‘The Case of Ireland Stated’, in The Irish Parliamentary Tradition, ed. Brian Farrell (Dublin, 1973), 128–38.

  99. 99.

    CJ, 12:327, 336–38.

  100. 100.

    CJ, 12:336–38; The Humble Address of the House of Commons to the King (Edinburgh, 1698).

  101. 101.

    See Kelly, ‘William Molyneux and the Spirit of Liberty’, 136–48.

  102. 102.

    [Richard Cox], Some Thoughts on the Bill Depending before the Right Honourable the House of Lords (Dublin, 1698).

  103. 103.

    [Cox], 3.

  104. 104.

    [Cox], 8, 14.

  105. 105.

    Simon Clement, The Interest of England, as it Stands with Relation to the Trade of Ireland, Considered (London, 1698), 22–23.

  106. 106.

    See R. L. Greaves, God’s Other Children: Protestant Nonconformists and the Emergence of Denominational Churches in Ireland, 1660–1700 (Stanford, 1997), 147–48; J. G. Simms, ‘The Establishment of Protestant Ascendancy, 1691–1714’, in New History of Ireland, IV, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691–1800, ed. T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan (Oxford, 2009), 23.

  107. 107.

    Alan Ford, ‘Review: Protestant Dissent and Controversy in Ireland, 1660–1714 by Phil Kilroy’, English Historical Review 111, no. 444 (1996): 1289.

  108. 108.

    Tim Harris, ‘The People, the Law, and the Constitution in Scotland and England: A Comparative Approach to the Glorious Revolution’, Journal of British Studies 38, no. 1 (1999): 34–37.

  109. 109.

    Horwitz, Parliament, 21–22.

  110. 110.

    Greaves, God’s Other Children, 151.

  111. 111.

    CSPD 1695 & Add., 214.

  112. 112.

    LJI, 1:465; Philip O’Regan, ‘William King as Bishop and Parliamentarian, 1691–7’, in Archbishop William King and the Anglican Irish Context, ed. Christopher Fauske (Dublin, 2003), 78–81; Hayton, Ruling Ireland, 188; Philip O’Regan, Archbishop William King , 1650–1729 and the Constitution in Church and State (Dublin, 2000), 69.

  113. 113.

    Gillespie suggests that King initially intended to limit distribution of the book to his diocese, but the second edition was aimed at the popular market: Raymond Gillespie, ‘Irish Print and Protestant Identity: William King’s Pamphlet Wars, 1687–1697’, in Taking Sides? Colonial and Confessional Mentalités in Early Modern Ireland: Essays in Honour of Karl S. Bottigheimer, ed. V. P. Carey and U. Lotz-Heumann (Dublin, 2003), 240; William King, A Discourse Concerning the Inventions of Men in the Worship of God […] The Second Edition Reviewed by the Authour (Dublin, 1694).

  114. 114.

    Gillespie, ‘Irish Print and Protestant Identity’, 240–41.

  115. 115.

    Gillespie, 245; William King, A Great Archbishop of Dublin, William King, D.D., 1650–1729: His Autobiography, Family, and a Selection from His Correspondence, ed. C. S. King (London, 1908), 38–39.

  116. 116.

    Gillespie, ‘Irish Print and Protestant Identity’, 246; [Robert Craghead], A Modest Apology Occasioned by the Importunity of the Bishop of Derrie (Glasgow, 1696) [n.p.]; Robert Craghead, An Answer to a Late Book, Intituled, A Discourse Concerning the Inventions of Men in the Worship of God (Edinburgh, 1696), 141.

  117. 117.

    O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 77.

  118. 118.

    [Joseph Boyse], The Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland, in Reference to a Bill of Indulgence, Represented and Argued ([Dublin], 1695).

  119. 119.

    [Boyse], 1.

  120. 120.

    [Boyse], 2.

  121. 121.

    [Boyse], 3.

  122. 122.

    [Tobias Pullen], An Answer to a Paper Entituled The Case of the Protestant Dissenters of Ireland, in Reference to a Bill of Indulgence, Represented and Argued (Dublin, 1695), 1.

  123. 123.

    [Pullen], 4.

  124. 124.

    Anthony Dopping, The Case of the Dissenters of Ireland Consider’d, in Reference to the Sacramental Test (Dublin, 1695), 3.

  125. 125.

    [Joseph Boyse], The Case of the Dissenting Protestants of Ireland, in Reference to a Bill of Indulgence, Vindicated from the Exceptions Alledg’d against It, in a Late Answer (Dublin, 1695), 10–11, 12.

  126. 126.

    [Tobias Pullen], A Defence of the Answer to a Paper Intituled the Case of the Dissenting Protestants of Ireland (Dublin, 1695), 22.

  127. 127.

    [Edward Synge], A Peaceable and Friendly Address to the Non-Conformists (Dublin, 1697).

  128. 128.

    [Synge], 8.

  129. 129.

    [Synge], 8.

  130. 130.

    John McBride, Animadversions on the Defence of the Answer to a Paper, Intituled, the Case of the Dissenting Protestants of Ireland ([Belfast], 1697), 95.

  131. 131.

    McBride, 117.

  132. 132.

    McBride, 36, 43.

  133. 133.

    McBride, 56–57, 73, 90.

  134. 134.

    Joseph Boyse, A Vindication of the Remarks on the Bishop of Derry ’s Discourse about Human Inventions (Dublin, 1695), 12. For discussion of similar claims, see also Raymond Gillespie, Reading Ireland: Print, Reading and Social Change in Early Modern Ireland (Manchester, 2005), 110.

  135. 135.

    See e.g. O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 71–79.

  136. 136.

    Edward Synge, Defence of the Peaceable and Friendly Address to the Non-Conformists An Essay Concerning Liberty of Conscience by a Friend to the Estadlish’d Church, in a Letter to His Brother, J. H. (Dublin, 1699).

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    Suzanne Forbes

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Forbes, S. (2018). Towards a Two-Party System, 1689–1699. In: Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71586-5_5

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