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Pope Francis as a Global Actor pp 215–244Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Pope and Asia: Building Bridges—Reconciliation with the People’s Republic of China

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy ((PSRPP))

Abstract

The Vatican’s most tenacious problem in Asia remains the reconciliation of the Greater Chinese Catholic Church, whose Mainland Catholic communities are disconnected from the Holy See and the Catholic communities in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. From the Vatican viewpoint, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the core problem as it has assumed hegemonic control over society and severed links with the universal Church. While John Paul II initiated reconciliation in the early 1980s, Pope Francis started the newest phase in March 2013. By February 2017, both sides reached a preliminary consensus to end the division between the official and unofficial Chinese Catholic communities. To achieve reconciliation, Pope Francis has adopted an inculturation strategy that builds upon shared cultural values, an accommodation strategy that cooperates with but does not serve the party-state, and an implementation strategy that relies on consultation and papal authority.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    James Nicholson, “North Korea: Catholic Relief Agency builds bridges,” US Department of State Cable, July 26, 2004, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/04VATICAN2890_a.html; “Vatican-North Korea contacts on hold pending outcome of six-party talks,” US Department of State Cable, November 20, 2003, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/03VATICAN5264_a.html

  2. 2.

    Peter Tran, “Laotian bishop surprised to be named cardinal,” National Catholic Reporter, June 24, 2017, https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/laotian-bishop-surprised-be-named-cardinal

  3. 3.

    Claire Trần Thị Liên, “Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective,” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 5, no. 2 (2013): 229–52.

  4. 4.

    Pietro Parolin, “One saw in their eyes the joy of the faith,” in Sandro Magister, “Easter in Vietnam: An Extraordinary Account,” April 5, 2007, Chiesa.espressonline.it, http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/chi_siamobdc4.html?eng=y; Gerard O’Connell, “Are Vietnam and the Vatican close to establishing diplomatic relations?” America, November 9, 2016, https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2016/11/09/are-vietnam-and-vatican-close-establishing-diplomatic-relations

  5. 5.

    “Il Papa nomina un suo “rappresentante’ per il Vietnam” [The Pope nominates his ‘representative’ to Vietnam], AsiaNews.it, January 13, 2011, http://www.asianews.it/index.php?idn=1&art=20496

  6. 6.

    Lee Nguyen, “Vietnam today, 40 years after the fall of Saigon,” AsiaNews.it, May 1, 2015, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Vietnam-today%2C-40-years-after-the-fall-of-Saigon-34133.html

  7. 7.

    Anthony S. K. Lam, “Seeking Chinese Archbishops for the Catholic Hierarchy in China,” Tripod, 36, no.183 (Winter 2016), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_183_04.html

  8. 8.

    Beatrice Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in conflicting authority, 1976–1986 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

  9. 9.

    Joseph You Guo Jiang, “Catholicism in 21st Century China,” La Civiltà Cattolica, May 2017, https://laciviltacattolica.com/may-2017/catholicism-in-21st-century-china/

  10. 10.

    Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in Conflicting Authority.

  11. 11.

    Christopher Sandrolini, “Holy See’s China negotiator ‘Hopeful but without illusions,’” US Department of State Cable, March 31, 2006, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06VATICAN57_a.html

  12. 12.

    Ibid.; Joseph Y. S. Cheng, Whither China’s Democracy: Democratization in China since the Tiananmen Incident (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2011); Beatrice Leung, “Sino-Vatican Relations and the Intermediary Roles of Hong Kong and Macau,” Europe and China: Strategic Partners or Rivals? 1 (2012): 201–18.

  13. 13.

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  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

    D. Brent Hardt, “Vatican–China: Holy See Welcomes US Push on Dialogue, But Expects Little Movement Prior to Party Congress,” US Department of State Cable, August 13, 2002; Richard Owen, “Vatican Ready to End Its 50-year Feud with China,” The Times (London), October 29, 2005; Beatrice Leung and Marcus J. J. Wang, “Sino-Vatican Negotiations: problems in sovereign right and national security,” Journal of Contemporary China 25, no. 99 (2016): 467–82.

  16. 16.

    D. Brent Hardt, “Holy See Would Welcome Continued Presidential Push for Greater Religious Freedom in China,” US Department of State Cable, October 23, 2002, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02VATICAN5194_a.html

  17. 17.

    Jeroom Heyndrickx , “Towards a Chinese Church in Dialogue: Exploring Ways of Cooperation with the Church in China,” Tripod, 26, no. 143 (Winter 2006), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_143_05.html; Victor Gaetan, “Vatican–China Accord: Snapshots from Behind the Scenes,” National Catholic Register, January 4, 2017, http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/vatican-china-accord-snapshots-from-behind-the-scenes

  18. 18.

    Yang Fenggang, Religion in China: Survival and revival under communist rule (Oxford University Press, 2011).

  19. 19.

    Tong , “The Communion of the Church in China with the Universal Church.”

  20. 20.

    De Bortoli, Ferruccio de Bortoli, “Benedetto XVI non è una statua partecipa alla vita della chiesa” [Benedict is not a statue, and participates in the life of the Church], Corriere della Sera, March 5, 2014, http://www.corriere.it/cronache/14_marzo_04/vi-racconto-mio-primo-anno-papa-90f8a1c4-a3eb-11e3-b352-9ec6f8a34ecc.shtml

  21. 21.

    Vatican Radio, “Pope Francis Sends Telegram from Plane to China And Other Countries,” August 14, 2014, http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/08/14/pope_francis_sends_telegram_from_plane_to_china_/1104531

  22. 22.

    Francesco Sisci, “Pope Francis Urges World Not to Fear China’s Rise: AT exclusive,” Asia Times, February 2, 2016, http://www.atimes.com/at-exclusive-pope-francis-urges-world-not-to-fear-chinas-rise/

  23. 23.

    Gerard O’Connell, “Are Vietnam and the Vatican Close to Establishing Diplomatic Relations?” America, November 9, 2016, https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2016/11/09/are-vietnam-and-vatican-close-establishing-diplomatic-relations

  24. 24.

    Sisci, “Pope Francis Urges World Not to Fear China’s Rise: AT Exclusive.”

  25. 25.

    Gail DeGeorge, “Cardinal Tong Strikes Optimistic Note on Vatican–China Relations,” National Catholic Reporter, March 7, 2017, https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/cardinal-tong-strikes-optimistic-note-vatican-china-relations

  26. 26.

    Leung and Wang, “Sino-Vatican Negotiations: Problems in Sovereign Right and National Security”; Richard Madsen, “Richard Madsen: In China–Holy See dialogue, Beijing Wants to Destroy, or at Least Weaken the Church,” AsiaNews.it, February 13, 2017, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Richard-Madsen:-In-China-Holy-See-dialogue,-Beijing-wants-to-destroy,-or-at-least-weaken-the-Church-39926.html

  27. 27.

    Jonathan and Jolanta Babiuch, The Vatican and the Red Flag: The Struggle for the Soul of Eastern Europe (New York: Geoffrey Chapman, 1999).

  28. 28.

    Beatrice Leung and William Liu, Chinese Catholic Church in Conflict: 1949–2001 (Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers, 2004).

  29. 29.

    Lisa Jucca, Benjamin Kang Lim, and Greg Torode, “After Decades of Mistrust, Pope Pushes for Diplomatic Breakthrough With China,” Reuters, July 14, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-vatican/

  30. 30.

    Victor Gaetan, “Vatican–China Accord: Snapshots from Behind the Scenes,” National Catholic Register, January 4, 2017, http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/vatican-china-accord-snapshots-from-behind-the-scenes; John Cardinal Tong, “The Future of the Sino-Vatican Dialogue from an Ecclesiological Point of View,” Sunday Examiner, July 1, 2017, http://sundayex.catholic.org.hk/node/4047

  31. 31.

    Tong, “The Communion of the Church in China with the Universal Church.”

  32. 32.

    Tong, “The Future of the Sino-Vatican Dialogue from an Ecclesiological Point of View”; DeGeorge, “Cardinal Tong Strikes Optimistic Note.”

  33. 33.

    Tong , “The Future of the Sino-Vatican Dialogue from an Ecclesiological Point of View.”

  34. 34.

    UCANEWS, “China–Vatican Talks to Resume with New Negotiators,” Ucanews, June 15, 2017, http://www.ucanews.com/news/china-vatican-talks-to-resume-with-new-negotiators/79511; “Vatican Says Talks with China Have Stalled,” Ucanews, January 28, 2017, http://www.ucanews.com/news/vatican-says-talks-with-china-have-stalled/75083

  35. 35.

    Francesco Sisci, “China and the Vatican—The Times They Are a Changin,’” La Rivista Italiana de Geopolitica, June 7, 2017, http://www.limesonline.com/en/china-and-the-vatican-the-times-they-are-a-changin

  36. 36.

    Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

  37. 37.

    Benedict XVI, “Letter of the Holy Father Pope Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests, Consecrated Persons and Lay Faithful of the Catholic Church in the People’s Republic of China,” The Vatican Website, May 27, 2007, https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070527_china.pdf

  38. 38.

    Lawrence C. Reardon, “Ideational Learning and the Paradox of Chinese Catholic Reconciliation,” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs (Hamburg), 40, no. 2 (2011): 43–70.

  39. 39.

    Reardon, “The Party Giveth, and the Party Taketh Away: Chinese Elite Attitudes Towards Religion,” in Religious Transformation in Modern Asia: A Transnational Movement, ed. David W. Kim, 26–50 (Leiden, NE: Brill, 2015).

  40. 40.

    Kenneth Jarrett, “Shanghai Bishop Jin on Papal Letter,” US Department of State Cable, July 5, 2007, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07SHANGHAI412_a.html; Peter R. Moody, “The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation,” Journal of Church and State 55, no. 3 (2012): 403–31.

  41. 41.

    Sergio Ticozzi, “The Catholic Church and Sinicization,” Tripod 27, no. 184 (Spring 2017), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_184.html

  42. 42.

    Emanuel Adler, “The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control,” International Organization 46, no. 1 (Winter, 1992): 101–45.

  43. 43.

    Duncan Snidal, “Rational Choice and International Relations,” in Handbook of International Relations, ed. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse-Kappen, and Beth A. Simmons, 73–94 (London: Sage, 2001).

  44. 44.

    Paul Christopher Manuel, Lawrence C. Reardon, and Clyde Wilcox, eds., The Catholic Church and the Nation-state: Comparative Perspectives (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2006).

  45. 45.

    Sisci, “Pope Francis Urges World Not to Fear China’s Rise: AT Exclusive.”

  46. 46.

    Anthony E. Clark, ““Weaving a Profound Dialogue between West and East”: On Matteo Ricci , SJ,” Ignatius Insight, May 27, 2009, http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2009/tclark_mricci_may2009.asp

  47. 47.

    Reardon, “The Party Giveth, and the Party Taketh Away.”

  48. 48.

    Jean-Paul Wiest, “Matteo Ricci : Pioneer of Chinese-Western Dialogue and Cultural Exchanges,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 36, no. 1 (2012): 17–21.

  49. 49.

    Tara Alberts, “Catholic written and oral cultures in seventeenth-century Vietnam,” Journal of Early Modern History 16, no. 4–5 (2012): 383–402; 391.

  50. 50.

    S. J. Minamiki, The Chinese Rites Controversy, from Its Beginning to Modern Times (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1985).

  51. 51.

    Sergio Ticozzi, “The Official End of the Chinese Rites Controversy,” Tripod 29, no. 155 (Winter 2009), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_155_02.html; Valentine U. Iheanacho, “Benedict XV and the Rethinking of Catholic Missionary Strategy” Tripod, 36, no. 183 (Winter 2016), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_183_04.html

  52. 52.

    Aylward Shorter, Toward a Theology of Inculturation (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006).

  53. 53.

    Thomas Law, “The 70th Anniversary of Lifting the Ban on the ‘Chinese Rites,’” Tripod 29, no. 155 (Winter 2009), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_155_03.html

  54. 54.

    Sergio Ticozzi, “The Establishment of the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy: Its Meaning and Effects,” Tripod 36, no. 183 (Winter 2016), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_183_02.html

  55. 55.

    Anthony S. K. Lam, “Seeking Chinese Archbishops for the Catholic Hierarchy in China,” Tripod 36, no. 183 (Winter 2016), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_183_04.html

  56. 56.

    Richard Madsen, China’s Catholics: Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

  57. 57.

    Moody, “The Catholic Church in China Today”; Laurenti Magesa, Anatomy of Inculturation: Transforming the Church in Africa (Orbis Books, 2014).

  58. 58.

    Mathew N. Schmaltz, “The Indian Church: Catholicism and Indian Nationhood,” in The Catholic Church and the Nation-State, ed. Manuel, Reardon, and Wilcox, 209–25.

  59. 59.

    Gianni Criveller, “Pope John Paul II and China,” Tripod 25, no. 137 (Summer 2005), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_137_02.html

  60. 60.

    Sandro Magister, “Vatican Diary/New Driver at “La Civiltà Cattolica,” After a Spinout,” Chiesa.espressonline.it, September 15, 2011, http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1349438bdc4.html?eng=y

  61. 61.

    Jiang, “Catholicism in 21st Century China.”

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    Vatican Insider News, “Matteo Ricci One Step Closer to Sainthood,” Vatican Insider, November 1, 2014. http://www.lastampa.it/2014/01/11/vaticaninsider/eng/news/matteo-ricci-one-step-closer-to-sainthood-JIU7vfsi7jGRlBPRqzGqnM/pagina.html

  64. 64.

    Francesca Ambrogetti and Sergio Rubin, Pope Francis: Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio (New York: Penguin, 2014).

  65. 65.

    Ticozzi, “The Catholic Church and Sinicization.”

  66. 66.

    Peter C. Kent, Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950 (Montreal, CA: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP, 2002).

  67. 67.

    Peng Xiaoyu, “Right Turn, Left Turn: Rethinking Chinese Christianity from 1945 to 1949 in the Spirit of the Second Vatican Council,” Chinese Studies in History 46, no. 2 (2012): 88–104.

  68. 68.

    Law, “The 70th Anniversary of Lifting the Ban on the ‘Chinese Rites’”; Shorter, Toward a Theology of Inculturation.

  69. 69.

    Angelo S. Lazzarotto, “The Chinese Church at the Second Vatican Council,” trans. by Betty Ann Maheu, M.M. Tripod 17, no. 100 (July–August 1999): 49.

  70. 70.

    Pius XII, “Ad Anpostolorum Principis: Encylical of Pope Pius XII on Communism and the Church in China,” The Vatican Website, June 29, 1958, http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061958_ad-apostolorum-principis.html

  71. 71.

    Anthony S.K. Lam, The Catholic Church in Present-Day China, trans. Peter Barry, M.M. and Norman Walling, S.J. (Hong Kong, SAR: Ferdinand Verbiest Foundation/The Holy Spirit Study Centre, 1994).

  72. 72.

    Pius XII, “Ad Anpostolorum Principis.”

  73. 73.

    Ibid.

  74. 74.

    Lam, The Catholic Church in Present-Day China; Paul, “An Appeal from China’s Underground Church,” trans. by Norman Walling, S.J., Tripod 19, no. 112 (July–August, 1999): 27; Moody, “The Catholic Church in China Today.”

  75. 75.

    Paul VI, “Gaudium et Spes; Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World,” The Vatican Website, December 7, 1965, http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

  76. 76.

    Norman P. Tanner, The Church and the World: Gaudium et Spes, Inter Mirifica, vol. 2. (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2005).

  77. 77.

    Reardon, 2006.

  78. 78.

    Christopher Sandrolini, “Holy See’s China Negotiator ‘Hopeful but without Illusions,’” US Department of State Cable, March 31, 2006, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06VATICAN57_a.html

  79. 79.

    Timothy A. Byrnes, “The Polish Church: Catholic Hierarchy and Polish Politics,” in The Catholic Church and the Nation State, ed. Manuel, Reardon, and Wilcox, 103–16.

  80. 80.

    Jeroom Heyndrickx , “John Paul II, the Pope of Dialogue and of the ‘Unfinished Encounter’ with the PRC,” Tripod 25, no. 137 (Summer 2005), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_137_04.html; Gianni Criveller, “Pope John Paul II and China,” Tripod 25, no. 137 (Summer 2005), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_137_02.html

  81. 81.

    Heyndrickx , “John P aul II, the Pope of Dialogue.”

  82. 82.

    Madsen, Richard. China’s Catholics; Lam, The Catholic Church in Present-Day China.

  83. 83.

    Lam, The Catholic Church in Present-Day China.

  84. 84.

    James Nicholson, “Fides Media Director Cervellera Views on Vatican/PRC Developments Confidential,” US Department of State Cable, November 9, 2001, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/01VATICAN5814_a.html; George Weigel, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (New York City, NY: HarperCollins, 2001).

  85. 85.

    Jiang Zemin, “President Jiang Addresses Religious Representatives,” Tripod 19, no. 110 (March–April 1999): 26; Criveller, “Pope John Paul II and China”; Lawrence C. Reardon, “The Chinese Catholic Church: Obstacles to Reconciliation,” The Catholic Church and the Nation-State: Comparative Perspectives (2006): 227–44.

  86. 86.

    Joseph Y. S. Cheng, Whither China’s Democracy: Democratization in China since the Tiananmen Incident (Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2011).

  87. 87.

    Criveller, “Pope John Paul II and China.”

  88. 88.

    Vatican Information Service, “Agostino Zhao Rong (+1815) and 119 Companions, Martyrs in China (+1648 −1930),” Vatican News Services, October 1, 2000, http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20001001_zhao-rong-compagni_en.html

  89. 89.

    Francesco Sisci, Interview, Washington, DC, June 7, 2017.

  90. 90.

    Reardon, 2011.

  91. 91.

    Madsen, China’s Catholics.

  92. 92.

    Fleur Cowan, “Vatican Looks Towards China—Without Compromise,” US Department of State Cable, December 1, 2005, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN543_a.html

  93. 93.

    Sandrolini, “Holy See’s China Negotiator ‘Hopeful but Without Illusions.’”

  94. 94.

    Melinda Henneberger, “The Pope Apologizes for the Catholic Church’s ‘Errors’ in China,” The New York Times , October 25, 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/25/world/the-pope-apologizes-for-the-catholic-church-s-errors-in-china.html?mcubz=3

  95. 95.

    Cheng, Whither China’s Democracy.

  96. 96.

    D. Brent Hardt, “Pope Reaches Out to China,” US Department of State Cable, May 18, 2005, https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN477_a.html

  97. 97.

    Cowan, “Vatican Looks Towards China.”

  98. 98.

    Peter Martin, “Optimism on China from Deputy FM Parolin,” US Department of State Cable, August 16, 2005, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN512_a.html

  99. 99.

    Hardt, “Pope Reaches Out to China.”

  100. 100.

    Pietro Parolin, “One Saw in Their Eyes the Joy of the Faith,” quoted in Sandro Magister, “Easter in Vietnam: An Extraordinary Account,” Chiesa.espressonline.it , April 5, 2007, http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/chi_siamobdc4.html?eng=y

  101. 101.

    Kenneth Jarrett, “Shanghai Bishop Jin on Papal Letter,” July 5, 2007.

  102. 102.

    Peter Moody, “The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation,” Journal of Church and State 55, no. 3 (2012): 403–31; Francesco Sisci, “Letture/Bravi cattolici o bravi cinesi? Ecco perché il muro può cadere” [Readings/Good Catholics or Good Chinese? That is why the wall can collapse], Il Sussidiario, June 3, 2017, http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cultura/2017/6/3/LETTURE-Bravi-cattolici-o-bravi-cinesi-Ecco-perche-il-muro-puo-cadere/767284/

  103. 103.

    Benedict XVI , “Letter of the Holy Father Pope Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests, Consecrated Persons and Lay Faithful of the Catholic Church in the People’s Republic of China,” The Vatican Website, May 27, 2007, https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070527_china.pdf

  104. 104.

    AsiaNews.it, “Cardinal Dias Tells Chinese Catholics the Pope Blesses Them All, Wants to See Them United,” May 24, 2008, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Cardinal-Dias-tells-Chinese-Catholics-the-Pope-blesses-them-all,-wants-to-see-them-united-12342.html

  105. 105.

    Carol Glatz, “Experienced Diplomat, Indian Cardinal Dias Dies at 81,” National Catholic Reporter, June 20, 2017. https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/experienced-diplomat-indian-cardinal-dias-dies-81

  106. 106.

    Leung and Wang, “Sino-Vatican Negotiations.”

  107. 107.

    Jeroom Heydrikx, “Towards a Chinese Church in Dialogue: Exploring Ways of Cooperation with the Church in China,” Tripod, 26, no. 143 (Winter 2006), http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_143_05.html

  108. 108.

    Antonio Spandaro, “Interview with Pope Francis,” The Vatican, August 19, 2013, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/september/documents/papa-francesco_20130921_intervista-spadaro.html

  109. 109.

    Gerard O’Connell, “Pope Francis Invites China’s President to Meeting on World Peace,” America, September 17, 2014, https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-francis-invites-chinas-president-meeting-world-peace

  110. 110.

    Cindy Wooden, “Cardinal sees reason to hope for improved Vatican-Chinese relations,” National Catholic Reporter, August 30, 2016, https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/cardinal-sees-reason-hope-improved-vatican-chinese-relations

  111. 111.

    Jiang, “Catholicism in 21st Century China.”

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    Spandaro, “Interview with Pope Francis.”

  114. 114.

    Christopher Lamb, “Nice Guy or Tough Guy? The Two Faces of Pope Francis,” The Catholic Register, June 25, 2017, https://www.catholicregister.org/faith/item/25498-nice-guy-or-tough-guy-the-two-faces-of-pope-francis; Staff Reporter, “Pope Francis Asks Cardinals to Inform Him Whenever They Leave Rome,” Catholic Herald, June 13, 2017, http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/pope-francis-asks-to-cardinals-to-inform-him-whenever-they-leave-rome/

  115. 115.

    Nicholson, “Fides Media Director Cervellera Views.”

  116. 116.

    Tong , “The Communion of the Church in China with the Universal Church.”

  117. 117.

    Cardinal Ze-kiun Zen , “Card. Zen: My Concerns Over China–Holy See Dialogue and Repercussions on Chinese Church,” AsiaNews.it, August 4, 2016, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Card.-Zen:-My-concerns-over-China-Holy-See-dialogue-and-repercussions-on-Chinese-Church-38222.html

  118. 118.

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  1. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Lawrence C. Reardon

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  1. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Alynna J. Lyon

  2. Saint Anselm College, Manchester, NH, USA

    Christine A. Gustafson

  3. American University, Washington, DC, USA

    Paul Christopher Manuel

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Reardon, L.C. (2018). The Pope and Asia: Building Bridges—Reconciliation with the People’s Republic of China. In: Lyon, A., Gustafson, C., Manuel, P. (eds) Pope Francis as a Global Actor. Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71377-9_11

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