Skip to main content

Ethical Issues in Participatory Research with Children and Young People

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Being Participatory: Researching with Children and Young People

Abstract

Research ethics is primarily concerned with the protection of human participants: that the research will benefit and not harm participants and that it is conducted in a way that is ethically sound. Undertaking research with children and young people often brings with it ethical concerns around the power dynamics between adult researchers and children and young people, children’s and young people’s potential vulnerability and competency and capacity to consent to participating in the research and questions around appropriate methodological approaches and methods to facilitate children’s and young people’s engagement and participation in research. Participatory research is offered as a way of increasing children’s agency and decreasing issues of power. However researchers are still called on to be reflexive to ensure ethical participatory research with children and young people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Carter B, Ford K. Researching children's health experiences: the place for participatory, child-centered, arts-based approaches. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(1):95–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. McCartan C, Schubotz D, Murphy J. The self-conscious researcher—post-modern perspectives of participatory research with young people. Forum Qual Sozialforschung/Forum Qual Soc Res. 2012;13:1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Powell MA, Fitzgerald RM, Taylor N, Graham A. International literature review: ethical issues in undertaking research with children and young people. Lismore, NSW: Childwatch International Research Network, Southern Cross University, Centre for Children and Young People and Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago, Centre for Research on Children and Families; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Graham A, Powell M, Taylor N, Anderson D, Fitzgerald R. Ethical research involving children. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research–Innocenti; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Powell MA, Graham A, Truscott J. Ethical research involving children: facilitating reflexive engagement. Qual Res J. 2016;16(2):197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Carter B. Tick box for child? The ethical positioning of children as vulnerable, researchers as barbarians and reviewers as overly cautious. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(6):858–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Guillemin M, Gillam L. Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qual Inq. 2004;10(2):261–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Warin J. Ethical mindfulness and reflexivity: managing a research relationship with children and young people in a 14-year qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) study. Qual Inq. 2011;17(9):805–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Phelan SK, Kinsella EA. Picture this… safety, dignity, and voice—ethical research with children: practical considerations for the reflexive researcher. Qual Inq. 2013;19(2):81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989. https://www.unicef.org.uk/what-we-do/un-convention-child-rights/. Accessed 20 June 2017.

  11. Sargeant J. Adults’ perspectives on tweens’ capacities: participation or protection? Child Aust. 2014;39(1):9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cahill C, Sultana F, Pain R. Participatory ethics: politics, practices, institutions. ACME. 2007;6(3):304–18.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vindrola-Padros C, Martins A, Coyne I, Bryan G, Gibson F. From informed consent to dissemination: using participatory visual methods with young people with long-term conditions at different stages of research. Glob Public Health. 2016;11(5–6):636–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gallagher M. ‘Power is not an evil’: rethinking power in participatory methods. Child Geogr. 2008;6(2):137–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ford K, Bray L, Water T, Dickinson A, Arnott J, Carter B. Auto-driven photo elicitation interviews in research with children: ethical and practical considerations. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs. 2017;40(2):111–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ergler C. Beyond passive participation: children as collaborators in understanding neighbourhood experience. Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. 2011;7(2)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hart RA. Children's participation: the theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. New York: Routledge; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Coad J, Evans R. Reflections on practical approaches to involving children and young people in the data analysis process. Child Soc. 2008;22(1):41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bradbury-Jones C, Taylor J. Engaging with children as co-researchers: challenges, counter-challenges and solutions. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2015;18(2):161–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kellett M. How to develop children as researchers: a step by step guide to teaching the research process. London: Sage; 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Gallacher L-A, Gallagher M. Methodological immaturity in childhood research? Thinking through participatory methods. Childhood. 2008;15(4):499–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Malone K, Hartung C. Challenges of participatory practice with children. A handbook of children and young people’s participation: perspectives from theory and practice. New York: Routledge; 2010. p. 24–38.

    Google Scholar 

  23. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. The principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity. Report of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO (IBC). 2013. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002194/219494E.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2017.

  24. Daniel B. Concepts of adversity, risk, vulnerability and resilience: a discussion in the context of the ‘child protection system’. Soc Policy Soc. 2010;9(2):231–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dodds S. Dependence, care, and vulnerability. Vulnerability. 2013;181–203.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Morrow V, Richards M. The ethics of social research with children: an overview. Child Soc. 1996;10(2):90–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Alderson P, Morrow V. The ethics of research with children and young people: a practical handbook. London: Sage Publications Ltd; 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Water T, Wrapson J, Tokolahi E, Payam S, Reay S. Participatory art based research with children to gain their perspectives on designing health care environments. Contemporary Nurse. 2017. http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/gC4Mt2w69DNXN2e9GHPN/full.

  29. Lansdown G. The evolving capacities of the child. Florence: Save the Children; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Coyne I. Research with children and young people: the issue of parental (proxy) consent. Child Soc. 2010;24(3):227–37.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Alderson P, Morrow V. Ethics, social research and consulting with children and young people. Ilford: Barnardo's; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lambert V, Glacken M. Engaging with children in research: theoretical and practical implications of negotiating informed consent/assent. Nurs Ethics. 2011;18(6):781–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Munford R, Sanders J. Recruiting diverse groups of young people to research: agency and empowerment in the consent process. Qual Soc Work. 2004;3(4):469–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Trusell DE. Unique ethical complexities and empowering youth in the research process. J Park Recreat Admin. 2008;26(2):163–76.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ministry of Health. Consent in child and youth health: information for practitioners [Online]. 1998. www.moh.govt.nz. Accessed 18 Jan 2017.

  36. Mayne F, Howitt C, Rennie L. Meaningful informed consent with young children: looking forward through an interactive narrative approach. Early Child Dev Care. 2016;186(5):673–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fargas-Malet M, McSherry D, Larkin E, Robinson C. Research with children: methodological issues and innovative techniques. J Early Child Res. 2010;8(2):175–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ruiz-Casares M, Thompson J. Obtaining meaningful informed consent: preliminary results of a study to develop visual informed consent forms with children. Child Geogr. 2016;14(1):35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bray L. Developing an activity to aid informed assent when interviewing children and young people. J Res Nurs. 2007;12(5):447–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kumpunen S, Shipway L, Taylor RM, Aldiss S, Gibson F. Practical approaches to seeking assent from children. Nurse Res. 2012;19(2):23–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Campbell A. For their own good: recruiting children for research. Childhood. 2008;15(1):30–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Graham A, Fitzgerald R. Progressing children’s participation: exploring the potential of a dialogical turn. Childhood. 2010;17(3):343–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Pyer M, Campbell J. Qualitative researching with vulnerable groups. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2012;19(6)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Clark T. Gaining and maintaining access: exploring the mechanisms that support and challenge the relationship between gatekeepers and researchers. Qual Soc Work. 2011;10(4):485–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. James A. Giving voice to children’s voices: Practices and problems, pitfalls and potentials. American Anthropologist. 2007;109(2):261–72.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Clark A, Prosser J, Wiles R. Ethical issues in image-based research. Arts Health. 2010;2(1):81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Harper D. Talking about pictures: a case for photo elicitation. Vis Stud. 2002;17(1):13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Banks M, Zeitlyn D. Visual methods in social research. London: Sage; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Prosser JD. Visual methodology. In:Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications; 2012. p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tineke Water .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Water, T. (2018). Ethical Issues in Participatory Research with Children and Young People. In: Coyne, I., Carter, B. (eds) Being Participatory: Researching with Children and Young People. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71228-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71228-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71227-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71228-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics