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Cold Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements

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Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems

Part of the book series: RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports ((RILEM State Art Reports,volume 24))

Abstract

Pavement engineers have in front of them multiple challenges linked to addressing issues related to social development and society’s expanding needs. One of the most substantial of these issues is perhaps how to effectively rehabilitate and/or maintain the existing road network while preserving and sustaining limited natural resources. The re-usage of existing pavement materials to reconstruct/rehabilitate our future pavements is the solution that is now more and more selected by the different road administrations around the world. However, upon closer inspection, one can find many areas and details, not negligible issues, that are simply extensions of HMA technology (i.e. mix design process in cold recycling) or empirical arrangements; in particular RAP still does not have an internationally recognized classification. So SIB – TG6 decided to develop a classification protocol of RAP, depending on its intended application. The objective has been followed by considering the procedures generally utilized to classify the natural aggregates: tests able to identify the main components (i.e. the geometrical and mechanical properties of aggregates and the characterization of recovered bitumen for RAP) and provide information on their behaviour under specific conditions, near to real life usage (e.g. the Los Angeles test for aggregates gives an idea of the potential behaviour of aggregates under the action of a roller compactor). The following sections illustrate and explain the actions of the TG in order to achieve the goals outlined above: the review of current standards, the protocol designed to classify RAP and the round robin tests carried out to validate the protocol.

Contributors: Elie Hajj, Patrick Muraya, Giovanni Giacomello

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Actually the term “cold” is sometimes considered misleading when using foamed bitumen, because, although the pavement is not heated during the milling process, the asphalt binder used in the foaming process is very hot (i.e., 150 and 180 °C) (Transportation Research Board 2011).

  2. 2.

    MMC = moisture content at maximum dry density in specimens composed of RAP , water and emulsion or foam bitumen .

  3. 3.

    OFC  = total fluid content (i.e. water + emulsion/foam bitumen ) at maximum dry density in specimens composed of RAP , water and emulsion or foam bitumen .

  4. 4.

    In these tables, (co) refers to constant quantity while (v) refers to varying quantity.

Abbreviations

Abs:

Water absorption (%)

ANAS:

Agenzia Nationale Autonoma delle Strade

ARRA:

Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association

b:

Bitumen content (%)

BC:

Bitumen content p. 22

BSM :

Bitumen stabilized materials

BSM -Foam:

Foamed bitumen stabilized materials

BSM -Emulsion:

Bitumen emulsion stabilized materials

CBR :

Californian bearing ratio

CBTM :

Cement-bitumen treated materials

CIR :

Cold in-place recycling

CMA:

Cold mix asphalt

CMT:

Cement treated materials

CPR :

Cold plant recycling or Cold-central plant recycling

CRM :

Cold recycled mixtures

CV:

Coefficient of variation

DOT:

Department of Transportation

ESAL:

Equivalent Standard Axle

FI:

Flakiness index

FDR :

Full-depth reclamation

Gb :

Specific gravity

HIR:

Hot in-place recycling

HMA:

Hot mix asphalt

ITRM:

Indirect tensile modulus or resilient modulus

ITS:

Indirect tensile strength

ITSdry :

Indirect tensile strength in dry condition

ITSwet :

Indirect tensile strength after soaking

kPa:

KiloPascal

LA:

Los Angeles

MDE:

Micro Deval in water

MESA:

Million equivalent standard axle

MMC:

Mixing moisture content

Mwet :

Soaked modulus

Mdry :

Dry modulus

OD:

Oven dried

OFC :

Optimum fluid content

OMC :

Optimum moisture content

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCS (%):

Percent passing through the control sieve

PCSSTD to 5 °C :

PCS result obtained at 5 °C

PLM:

Polarised light microscopy

PG :

Performance grade

RA :

Reclaimed asphalt

RAP :

Reclaimed asphalt pavement

RRT:

Round robin test

SGC:

Superpave gyratory compactor

SI:

Shape index

TC:

Technical committee

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TG:

Task group

TMR:

Transport and main roads

TR&B:

Temperature from the ring and ball test

UCS:

Unconfined compressive strength

USA:

United States of America

VA:

Virgin aggregate

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Gabriele Tebaldi

  2. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA

    Gabriele Tebaldi

  3. University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA

    Eshan Dave

  4. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Martin Hugener

  5. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Augusto Cannone Falchetto

  6. University of Québec, ETS, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Daniel Perraton

  7. University of San Marino, San Marino, Italy

    Andrea Grilli

  8. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Davide Lo Presti & James Grenfell

  9. University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Marco Pasetto

  10. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Andreas Loizos

  11. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

    Kim Jenkins

  12. Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK

    Alex Apeagyei

  13. Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

    Maurizio Bocci

Authors
  1. Gabriele Tebaldi
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  2. Eshan Dave
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  4. Augusto Cannone Falchetto
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  5. Daniel Perraton
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  6. Andrea Grilli
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  7. Davide Lo Presti
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  8. Marco Pasetto
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  9. Andreas Loizos
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  10. Kim Jenkins
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  11. Alex Apeagyei
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  12. James Grenfell
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  13. Maurizio Bocci
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriele Tebaldi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Road Engineering/Sealing Components, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Manfred N. Partl

  2. Arizona Chemical, Almere, The Netherlands

    Laurent Porot

  3. Génie Civil et Bâtiment, University of Lyon, Vaulx-en-Velin, Lyon, France

    Hervé Di Benedetto

  4. Dipartimento ICEA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

    Francesco Canestrari

  5. IFSTTAR, Bouguenais, France

    Paul Marsac

  6. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Gabriele Tebaldi

Standard Test Procedures

Standard Test Procedures

  • Particle size distribution and binder content

  • ASTM C136/C136M-14, Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates, 2014.

  • EN 933-1:2012 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution —Sieving method

  • EN 12697-1:2012 Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 1: Soluble binder content

  • ASTM D6307-10 Standard Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix Asphalt by Ignition Method, 2010.

  • EN 12697-39:2012 Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 39: Binder content by ignition

  • ASTM D2172/D2172M-11 Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen From Bituminous Paving Mixtures, 2011.

  • Compaction methods

  • ASTM D1557-12, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)), 2012.

  • EN 13286-2:2012 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures—Part 2: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content—Proctor compaction .

  • NF P18-574 Granulats—Essai de fragmentation dynamique, French Standard (withdrawn).

  • ASTM D6925-15, Standard Test Method for Preparation and Determination of the Relative Density of Asphalt Mix Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor, 2015.

  • EN 12697-31:2007 Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor.

  • EN 12697-30:2007 Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor.

  • ASTM D6926-10 Standard Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus (2010).

  • Tests on compacted asphalt specimens

  • EN 12697-23:2003 Bituminous Mixtures. Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt. Determination of the Indirect Tensile Strength of Bituminous Specimens, 2003.

  • ASTM D6931-12 Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures (2012).

  • Tests on mineral aggregates

  • ASTM C136/C136M-14 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates, 2014.

  • ASTM C127-15, Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity ) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, 2015.

  • ASTM C128-15, Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity ) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate, 2015.

  • EN 1097-6:2013 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates—Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption .

  • EN 1097-7:2008 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates—Part 7: Determination of the particle density of filler—Pyknometer method.

  • EN 933-3:2012 Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates. Determination of particle shape. Flakiness index .

  • EN 933-4:2008 Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates. Determination of particle shape. Shape index.

  • ASTM C702/C702M-11, Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size, 2011.

  • ASTM D3398-00 (2006) Standard Test Method for Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture (Withdrawn 2014 and replaced by ASTM C1252-06).

  • ASTM C1252-06 Standard Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface Texture, and Grading) (Withdrawn 2015 NOT REPLACED).

  • Binder tests

  • ASTM D5/D5M-13 Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials, 2013.

  • EN 1426: 2007 Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of needle penetration.

  • EN 1427:2007 Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the softening point—Ring and Ball method.

  • ASTM D36/D36M-14e1 Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus), 2014.

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Tebaldi, G. et al. (2018). Cold Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements. In: Partl, M., Porot, L., Di Benedetto, H., Canestrari, F., Marsac, P., Tebaldi, G. (eds) Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems. RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71023-5_6

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