Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Melanoma Immunotherapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Basics of Cancer Immunotherapy

  • 2366 Accesses

Abstract

Melanoma has long been considered an “immunogenic” tumor, and therefore many cancer immunotherapies approaches were first tested clinically in patients with melanoma. Herein, we describe the features of melanomas that make them generally immunogenic, as well as the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by melanomas to evade the immune response of the patient. We then discuss the immune-based treatments that have been most studied in the context of melanoma that has been resected but has a high risk for recurrence. Finally, we highlight the results of clinical trials testing immunotherapies for patients with metastatic melanoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 37.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andtbacka, R. H., Kaufman, H. L., Collichio, F., Amatruda, T., Senzer, N., Chesney, J., Delman, K. A., Spitler, L. E., Puzanov, I., Agarwala, S. S., Milhem, M., Cranmer, L., Curti, B., Lewis, K., Ross, M., Guthrie, T., Linette, G. P., Daniels, G. A., Harrington, K., Middleton, M. R., Miller, W. H., Jr., Zager, J. S., Ye, Y., Yao, B., Li, A., Doleman, S., Vanderwalde, A., Gansert, J., & Coffin, R. S. (2015). Talimogene laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33, 2780–2788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. W. (1964). Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma. The American Surgeon, 30, 825–829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Schreurs, M. W., De Boer, A. J., Kawakami, Y., Rosenberg, S. A., Adema, G. J., & Figdor, C. G. (1994). Melanocyte lineage-specific antigen gp100 is recognized by melanoma-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 179, 1005–1009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balmer, C. M. (1985). The new α interferons. Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 19, 887–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brichard, V., Van Pel, A., Wolfel, T., Wolfel, C., De Plaen, E., Lethe, B., Coulie, P., & Boon, T. (1993). The tyrosinase gene codes for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 178, 489–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, S., Lakshmikanth, T., Colucci, F., & Carbone, E. (2010). New views on natural killer cell-based immunotherapy for melanoma treatment. Trends in Immunology, 31, 339–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bystryn, J. C. (1989). Immune mechanisms in vitiligo. Immunology Series, 46, 447–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavan, R., Salvador, D., Gustafson, M. P., Dietz, A. B., Nevala, W., & Markovic, S. N. (2014). Untreated stage IV melanoma patients exhibit abnormal monocyte phenotypes and decreased functional capacity. Cancer Immunology Research, 2, 241–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomez, P., De Backer, O., Bertrand, M., De Plaen, E., Boon, T., & Lucas, S. (2001). An overview of the MAGE gene family with the identification of all human members of the family. Cancer Research, 61, 5544–5551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W. H., Jr., From, L., Bernardino, E. A., & Mihm, M. C. (1969). The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Research, 29, 705–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coens, C., Suciu, S., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Grob, J. J., Dummer, R., Wolchok, J. D., Schmidt, H., Hamid, O., Robert, C., Ascierto, P. A., Richards, J. M., Lebbe, C., Ferraresi, V., Smylie, M., Weber, J. S., Maio, M., Bottomley, A., Kotapati, S., De Pril, V., Testori, A., & Eggermont, A. M. (2017). Health-related quality of life with adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): Secondary outcomes of a multinational, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 18, 393–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Trolio, R., Simeone, E., Di Lorenzo, G., Buonerba, C., & Ascierto, P. A. (2015). The use of interferon in melanoma patients: A systematic review. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 26, 203–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, H., & Chen, L. (2003). B7-H1 pathway and its role in the evasion of tumor immunity. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berl), 81, 281–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, H., Strome, S. E., Salomao, D. R., Tamura, H., Hirano, F., Flies, D. B., Roche, P. C., Lu, J., Zhu, G., Tamada, K., Lennon, V. A., Celis, E., & Chen, L. (2002). Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nature Medicine, 8, 793–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, M. E., Yang, J. C., Sherry, R., Hughes, M. S., Royal, R., Kammula, U., Robbins, P. F., Huang, J., Citrin, D. E., Leitman, S. F., Wunderlich, J., Restifo, N. P., Thomasian, A., Downey, S. G., Smith, F. O., Klapper, J., Morton, K., Laurencot, C., White, D. E., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2008). Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: Evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 5233–5239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont, A. M., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Grob, J. J., Dummer, R., Wolchok, J. D., Schmidt, H., Hamid, O., Robert, C., Ascierto, P. A., Richards, J. M., Lebbe, C., Ferraresi, V., Smylie, M., Weber, J. S., Maio, M., Bastholt, L., Mortier, L., Thomas, L., Tahir, S., Hauschild, A., Hassel, J. C., Hodi, F. S., Taitt, C., De Pril, V., De Schaetzen, G., Suciu, S., & Testori, A. (2016). Prolonged survival in stage III melanoma with ipilimumab adjuvant therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 1845–1855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont, A. M., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Grob, J. J., Dummer, R., Wolchok, J. D., Schmidt, H., Hamid, O., Robert, C., Ascierto, P. A., Richards, J. M., Lebbe, C., Ferraresi, V., Smylie, M., Weber, J. S., Maio, M., Konto, C., Hoos, A., De Pril, V., Gurunath, R. K., De Schaetzen, G., Suciu, S., & Testori, A. (2015). Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 16, 522–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enninga, E. A., Nevala, W. K., Holtan, S. G., Leontovich, A. A., & Markovic, S. N. (2016). Galectin-9 modulates immunity by promoting Th2/M2 differentiation and impacts survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Research, 26, 429–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everson, T. C. (1967). Spontaneous regression of cancer. Progress in Clinical Cancer, 3, 79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrone, S., & Marincola, F. M. (1995). Loss of HLA class I antigens by melanoma cells: Molecular mechanisms, functional significance and clinical relevance. Immunology Today, 16, 487–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gajewski, T. F., Fuertes, M. B., & Woo, S. R. (2012). Innate immune sensing of cancer: clues from an identified role for type I IFNs. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 61, 1343–1347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, A., Parkhurst, M. R., Tran, E., Pasetto, A., Robbins, P. F., Ilyas, S., Prickett, T. D., Gartner, J. J., Crystal, J. S., Roberts, I. M., Trebska-Mcgowan, K., Wunderlich, J. R., Yang, J. C., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2016). Prospective identification of neoantigen-specific lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients. Nature Medicine, 22, 433–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grotz, T. E., Jakub, J. W., Mansfield, A. S., Goldenstein, R., Enninga, E. A., Nevala, W. K., Leontovich, A. A., & Markovic, S. N. (2015). Evidence of Th2 polarization of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in melanoma. Oncoimmunology, 4, e1026504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid, O., Robert, C., Daud, A., Hodi, F. S., Hwu, W. J., Kefford, R., Wolchok, J. D., Hersey, P., Joseph, R. W., Weber, J. S., Dronca, R., Gangadhar, T. C., Patnaik, A., Zarour, H., Joshua, A. M., Gergich, K., Elassaiss-Schaap, J., Algazi, A., Mateus, C., Boasberg, P., Tumeh, P. C., Chmielowski, B., Ebbinghaus, S. W., Li, X. N., Kang, S. P., & Ribas, A. (2013). Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 134–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlin, H., Meng, Y., Peterson, A. C., Zha, Y., Tretiakova, M., Slingluff, C., Mckee, M., & Gajewski, T. F. (2009). Chemokine expression in melanoma metastases associated with CD8+ T-cell recruitment. Cancer Research, 69, 3077–3085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi, F. S., O'day, S. J., Mcdermott, D. F., Weber, R. W., Sosman, J. A., Haanen, J. B., Gonzalez, R., Robert, C., Schadendorf, D., Hassel, J. C., Akerley, W., Van Den Eertwegh, A. J., Lutzky, J., Lorigan, P., Vaubel, J. M., Linette, G. P., Hogg, D., Ottensmeier, C. H., Lebbe, C., Peschel, C., Quirt, I., Clark, J. I., Wolchok, J. D., Weber, J. S., Tian, J., Yellin, M. J., Nichol, G. M., Hoos, A., & Urba, W. J. (2010). Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 711–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwu, P., Du, M. X., Lapointe, R., Do, M., Taylor, M. W., & Young, H. A. (2000). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase production by human dendritic cells results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. Journal of Immunology, 164, 3596–3599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, H., Lethe, B., Lehmann, F., Van Baren, N., Baurain, J. F., De Smet, C., Chambost, H., Vitale, M., Moretta, A., Boon, T., & Coulie, P. G. (1997). Characterization of an antigen that is recognized on a melanoma showing partial HLA loss by CTL expressing an NK inhibitory receptor. Immunity, 6, 199–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, K., Platsoucas, C. D., & Balch, C. M. (1988). Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the infiltrate of human metastatic melanomas. Activation by interleukin 2 and autologous tumor cells, and involvement of the T cell receptor. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 168, 1419–1441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ives, N. J., Suciu, S., Eggermont, A. M. M., Kirkwood, J., Lorigan, P., Markovic, S. N., Garbe, C., Wheatley, K., & International Melanoma Meta-Analysis Collaborative, G. (2017). Adjuvant interferon-α for the treatment of high-risk melanoma: An individual patient data meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer, 82, 171–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, X., Zhou, J., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Wargo, J., & Hodi, F. S. (2013). The activation of MAPK in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibition promotes PD-L1 expression that is reversible by MEK and PI3K inhibition. Clinical Cancer Research, 19, 598–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, Y., Eliyahu, S., Sakaguchi, K., Robbins, P. F., Rivoltini, L., Yannelli, J. R., Appella, E., & Rosenberg, S. A. (1994). Identification of the immunodominant peptides of the MART-1 human melanoma antigen recognized by the majority of HLA-A2-restricted tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 180, 347–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keilholz, U., Conradt, C., Legha, S. S., Khayat, D., Scheibenbogen, C., Thatcher, N., Goey, S. H., Gore, M., Dorval, T., Hancock, B., Punt, C. J., Dummer, R., Avril, M. F., Brocker, E. B., Benhammouda, A., Eggermont, A. M., & Pritsch, M. (1998). Results of interleukin-2-based treatment in advanced melanoma: a case record-based analysis of 631 patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(9), 2921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlhapp, F. J., & Kaufman, H. L. (2016). Molecular pathways: Mechanism of action for talimogene laherparepvec, a new oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research, 22, 1048–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korn, E. L., Liu, P. Y., Lee, S. J., Chapman, J. A., Niedzwiecki, D., Suman, V. J., Moon, J., Sondak, V. K., Atkins, M. B., Eisenhauer, E. A., Parulekar, W., Markovic, S. N., Saxman, S., & Kirkwood, J. M. (2008). Meta-analysis of phase II cooperative group trials in metastatic stage IV melanoma to determine progression-free and overall survival benchmarks for future phase II trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 527–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kottschade, L., Brys, A., Peikert, T., Ryder, M., Raffals, L., Brewer, J., Mosca, P., Markovic, S., & Midwest Melanoma, P. (2016). A multidisciplinary approach to toxicity management of modern immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Melanoma Research, 26, 469–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusmartsev, S., & Gabrilovich, D. I. (2006). Effect of tumor-derived cytokines and growth factors on differentiation and immune suppressive features of myeloid cells in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 25, 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, J., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Gonzalez, R., Grob, J. J., Cowey, C. L., Lao, C. D., Schadendorf, D., Dummer, R., Smylie, M., Rutkowski, P., Ferrucci, P. F., Hill, A., Wagstaff, J., Carlino, M. S., Haanen, J. B., Maio, M., Marquez-Rodas, I., Mcarthur, G. A., Ascierto, P. A., Long, G. V., Callahan, M. K., Postow, M. A., Grossmann, K., Sznol, M., Dreno, B., Bastholt, L., Yang, A., Rollin, L. M., Horak, C., Hodi, F. S., & Wolchok, J. D. (2015). Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, D. H., Lee, S., Zhao, F., Tarhini, A. A., Margolin, K. A., Ernstoff, M. S., Atkins, M. B., Cohen, G. I., Whiteside, T. L., Butterfield, L. H., & Kirkwood, J. M. (2015). Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial of Yeast-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Versus Peptide Vaccination Versus GM-CSF Plus Peptide Vaccination Versus Placebo in Patients With No Evidence of Disease After Complete Surgical Resection of Locally Advanced and/or Stage IV Melanoma: A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group (E4697). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33, 4066–4076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P. (1996). Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science, 271, 1734–1736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackensen, A., Carcelain, G., Viel, S., Raynal, M. C., Michalaki, H., Triebel, F., Bosq, J., & Hercend, T. (1994). Direct evidence to support the immunosurveillance concept in a human regressive melanoma. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 93, 1397–1402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maus, R. L. G., Jakub, J. W., Nevala, W. K., Christensen, T. A., Noble-Orcutt, K., Sachs, Z., Hieken, T. J., & Markovic, S. N. (2017). Human melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles regulate dendritic cell maturation. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mezrich, J. D., Fechner, J. H., Zhang, X., Johnson, B. P., Burlingham, W. J., & Bradfield, C. A. (2010). An interaction between kynurenine and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor can generate regulatory T cells. Journal of Immunology, 185, 3190–3198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mocellin, S., Lens, M. B., Pasquali, S., Pilati, P., & Chiarion Sileni, V. (2013). Interferon α for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Cd008955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathanson. (1976). Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma: a review of the literature on incidence, clinical features, and possible mechanisms. National Cancer Institute Monograph, 44, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevala, W. K., Vachon, C. M., Leontovich, A. A., Scott, C. G., Thompson, M. A., Markovic, S. N., & Melanoma Study Group Of The Mayo Clinic Cancer, C. (2009). Evidence of systemic Th2-driven chronic inflammation in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 15, 1931–1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, C., & Lesinski, G. B. (2011). Immunomodulatory cytokines as therapeutic agents for melanoma. Immunotherapy, 3, 673–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overwijk, W. W., Wang, E., Marincola, F. M., Rammensee, H. G., & Restifo, N. P. (2013). Mining the mutanome: Developing highly personalized Immunotherapies based on mutational analysis of tumors. Journal of Immunotherapy Cancer, 1, 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrella, T., Quirt, I., Verma, S., Haynes, A. E., Charette, M., Bak, K., & Melanoma Disease Site Group Of Cancer Care Ontario's Program In Evidence-Based, C. (2007). Single-agent interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: A systematic review. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 33, 484–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poppema, S., Brocker, E. B., De Leij, L., Terbrack, D., Visscher, T., Ter Haar, A., Macher, E., The, T. H., & Sorg, C. (1983). In situ analysis of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in primary malignant melanoma of the skin. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 51, 77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert, C., Long, G. V., Brady, B., Dutriaux, C., Maio, M., Mortier, L., Hassel, J. C., Rutkowski, P., Mcneil, C., Kalinka-Warzocha, E., Savage, K. J., Hernberg, M. M., Lebbe, C., Charles, J., Mihalcioiu, C., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Mauch, C., Cognetti, F., Arance, A., Schmidt, H., Schadendorf, D., Gogas, H., Lundgren-Eriksson, L., Horak, C., Sharkey, B., Waxman, I. M., Atkinson, V., & Ascierto, P. A. (2015a). Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 320–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, C., Schachter, J., Long, G. V., Arance, A., Grob, J. J., Mortier, L., Daud, A., Carlino, M. S., Mcneil, C., Lotem, M., Larkin, J., Lorigan, P., Neyns, B., Blank, C. U., Hamid, O., Mateus, C., Shapira-Frommer, R., Kosh, M., Zhou, H., Ibrahim, N., Ebbinghaus, S., Ribas, A., & Investigators, K. (2015b). Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2521–2532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, C., Thomas, L., Bondarenko, I., O'day, S., Weber, J., Garbe, C., Lebbe, C., Baurain, J. F., Testori, A., Grob, J. J., Davidson, N., Richards, J., Maio, M., Hauschild, A., Miller, W. H., Jr., Gascon, P., Lotem, M., Harmankaya, K., Ibrahim, R., Francis, S., Chen, T. T., Humphrey, R., Hoos, A., & Wolchok, J. D. (2011). Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2517–2526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiavoni, G., Mattei, F., & Gabriele, L. (2013). Type I interferons as stimulators of DC-mediated cross-priming: Impact on anti-tumor response. Frontiers in Immunology, 4, 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, M., Diestelkoetter, P., Weigle, B., Schmachtenberg, F., Stevanovic, S., Ockert, D., Rammensee, H. G., & Rieber, E. P. (2000). Generation of survivin-specific CD8+ T effector cells by dendritic cells pulsed with protein or selected peptides. Cancer Research, 60, 4845–4849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, T. N., & Schreiber, R. D. (2015). Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science, 348, 69–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sensi, M., Salvi, S., Castelli, C., Maccalli, C., Mazzocchi, A., Mortarini, R., Nicolini, G., Herlyn, M., Parmiani, G., & Anichini, A. (1993). T cell receptor (TCR) structure of autologous melanoma-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes overexpress in vivo the TCR beta chain sequence used by an HLA-A2-restricted and melanocyte-lineage-specific CTL clone. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 178, 1231–1246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell, L. M., Mcgaha, T. L., & Brooks, D. G. (2017). Type I interferon in chronic virus infection and cancer. Trends in Immunology, 38, 542–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spranger, S., Spaapen, R. M., Zha, Y., Williams, J., Meng, Y., Ha, T. T., & Gajewski, T. F. (2013). Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T(regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8(+) T cells. Science Translational Medicine, 5, 200ra116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strohal, R., Marberger, K., Pehamberger, H., & Stingl, G. (1994). Immunohistological analysis of anti-melanoma host responses. Archives of Dermatological Research, 287, 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topalian, S. L., Solomon, D., & Rosenberg, S. A. (1989). Tumor-specific cytolysis by lymphocytes infiltrating human melanomas. Journal of Immunology, 142, 3714–3725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umansky, V., & Sevko, A. (2012). Melanoma-induced immunosuppression and its neutralization. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 22, 319–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uyttenhove, C., Pilotte, L., Theate, I., Stroobant, V., Colau, D., Parmentier, N., Boon, T., & Van Den Eynde, B. J. (2003). Evidence for a tumoral immune resistance mechanism based on tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Nature Medicine, 9, 1269–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Bruggen, P., Traversari, C., Chomez, P., Lurquin, C., De Plaen, E., Van Den Eynde, B., Knuth, A., & Boon, T. (1991). A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science, 254, 1643–1647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vonderheide, R. H., Hahn, W. C., Schultze, J. L., & Nadler, L. M. (1999). The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity, 10, 673–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. X., Xu, W. G., Sun, X. J., Chen, Y. Z., Liu, X. Y., Tang, H., & Jiang, C. L. (2004). Fever of recombinant human interferon-α is mediated by opioid domain interaction with opioid receptor inducing prostaglandin E2. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 156, 107–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakharia, Y., Drabick, J. J., Khleif, S., Mcwilliams, R. R., Munn, D., Link, C. J., Vahanian, N. N., Kennedy, E., Shaheen, M. F., Rixe, O., & Milhem, M. M. (2016). Updates on phase1b/2 trial of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway (IDO) inhibitor indoximod plus checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of unresectable stage 3 or 4 melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, J., Mahoney, K. M., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Zhao, F., Lee, S., Liao, X., Rodig, S., Li, J., Wu, X., Butterfield, L. H., Piesche, M., Manos, M. P., Eastman, L. M., Dranoff, G., Freeman, G. J., & Hodi, F. S. (2017). Soluble PD-L1 as a biomarker in malignant melanoma treated with checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunology Research, 5, 480–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Matthew S. Block

Authors
  1. Matthew S. Block
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Haidong Dong

  2. Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Svetomir N. Markovic

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Block, M.S. (2018). Melanoma Immunotherapy. In: Dong, H., Markovic, S. (eds) The Basics of Cancer Immunotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70622-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70622-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70621-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70622-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation