Abstract
This chapter shows the empirical tests and the results for this study’s research questions. It is divided into three sections. The first considers the association between religion and modernization in educational gender equality in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. It also compares the total female-to-male school enrollment in Muslim and non-Muslim countries, and the marginal effect of liberalizing the constitution and increasing urbanization on decreasing educational gender inequality in all the 55 countries. The section on “Empirical Testing and Analysis for Muslim Countries” repeats the same tests but for Muslim countries only, and the section on “Empirical Testing and Analysis for Non-Muslim Countries” focuses on only non-Muslim countries.
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Notes
- 1.
Muslim countries are controlled by creating a Muslim dummy variable coded 0/1 (0 = non-Muslim, 1 = Muslim).
- 2.
Very conservative and moderately conservative Muslim countries are controlled by creating a Conservative Muslim variable.
- 3.
If I combine conservative and moderately conservative Muslim and non-Muslim countries , the decrease is positive and statistically significant, but it remains significant at a 95 percent confidence level. Everything else remains nearly the same.
- 4.
See Appendix A, Table A.6.
- 5.
For more details on the marginal effect, see Appendix A, Tables A.3 and A.4.
- 6.
To add those variables I had to drop several countries and sometimes several years, because of the unavailability of all the data for all my countries and years. See Appendix A, Table A.5.
- 7.
See Appendix A, Table A.3.
- 8.
If Iran is dropped from the sample, very conservative Muslim countries will have a negative coefficient in the interaction term between CON and Urbanization. However, I cannot drop it because the literature supports the high ratio of female-to-male total school enrollment in Iran, due to the different way of interpreting women’s right to education in Islam after the Islamic revolution in 1979 (see Hoodfar 2009).
- 9.
See Appendix A, Fig. A.4.
- 10.
See the regression table in Appendix A, Table A.4.
- 11.
See the marginal effect in Appendix A, Fig. A.1.
References
Hoodfar, H. (2009). Afghan Refugee Women in Iran. In K. M. Cuno & M. Desai (Eds.), Family, Gender, and Law in a Globalizing Middle East and South Asia, Gender and Globalization (p. 241). London: Syracuse University Press.
Lerner, D. (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Rizzo, H., Abdel-Latif, A.-H., & Meyer, K. (2007). The Relationship Between Gender Equality and Democracy: A Comparison of Arab Versus Non-Arab Muslim Societies. Sociology, 41(6), 1151–1170.
Ross, M. L. (2008). Oil, Islam, and Women. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 107–123.
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Al-Kohlani, S.A. (2018). Empirical Testing and Analysis of Data. In: Improving Educational Gender Equality in Religious Societies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70536-1_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70536-1_4
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