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Comparative Analysis of National Space Legislation

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National Space Legislation

Part of the book series: Studies in Space Policy ((STUDSPACE,volume 15))

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the common and diverging approaches taken by the 12 different national space laws which have been discussed in the previous chapters. First, the analysis focuses upon the scope of the activities that are regulated by the legislation (Sect. 5.1). Second, the subject matter of the legislation is compared, including authorisation, insurance, recourse and liability, environmental protection, enforcement, incidents and the return of space objects (Sect. 5.2). The analysis does not compare the minute details and specifics of the legislation. To compare the national space legislation to such a level would make the analysis unnecessarily complicated and obfuscated, especially in light of the fact that these details and specifics are mostly procedural and technical, such as stipulating to which governmental institution the licence application should be sent

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 4 under 4

  2. 2.

    Belgian Draft Amendment Act, 9

  3. 3.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 1(1)

  4. 4.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 2 | Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 2 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 1(1) | Indonesian Space Act, Section 5 | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 2

  5. 5.

    See Sects. 3.3.2 and 3.11.2

  6. 6.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 2 under 1–2

  7. 7.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 2 under 3

  8. 8.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 1 under 2

  9. 9.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 2 under 3

  10. 10.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 2(1) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 2(1)

  11. 11.

    Belgian Draft on Space Activities, 15 | Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 3, 8 and 17

  12. 12.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 2(2)

  13. 13.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 2(2)

  14. 14.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 1 and Section 2

  15. 15.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 2(1) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 1b

  16. 16.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 3 under 5 | Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 9

  17. 17.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 1

  18. 18.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 4 under 1

  19. 19.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 4 under 1

  20. 20.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 2 under 1

  21. 21.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 1(1) | UK Outer Space Act, Section 1

  22. 22.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 1(1) and Section 1(2) | UK Outer Space Act, Section 1

  23. 23.

    See Sect. 3.3.2

  24. 24.

    See Sect. 3.11.2

  25. 25.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 45

  26. 26.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 2

  27. 27.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 1 under 4

  28. 28.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 7(1)

  29. 29.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 8 under “launch” | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 4 under 4

  30. 30.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 1 under 1

  31. 31.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 1 under 3

  32. 32.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 4 under ‘High-altitude’

  33. 33.

    UNCOPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Report of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee on the Work of its Fifth Sessions (1967) UN Doc A/AC.105/39, 2

  34. 34.

    Swedish Draft Law on Space Activities, 10

  35. 35.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 35 and Section 37

  36. 36.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 3(2)

  37. 37.

    Swedish Draft Law on Space Activities, 15

  38. 38.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 4(2)

  39. 39.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2)

  40. 40.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 10 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(1) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(3) | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(1) | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 6(1)

  41. 41.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 5, Section 6 and Section 20 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(1) and Section 7(1) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(3) and Dutch Space Activities Licence Application and Registration Order, Section 2(2) | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(1) | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) and Danish Executive Order, Section 2.

  42. 42.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 5 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(2) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(6)

  43. 43.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(2)

  44. 44.

    Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 10

  45. 45.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(1)

  46. 46.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 6(2)

  47. 47.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 11, Section 12, Section 13, Section 14 and Section 15

  48. 48.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 36 and Section 37

  49. 49.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 7, Section 15, Section 23, Section 31, Section 38 and Section 45

  50. 50.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 18 Section 26(3), Section 35(2) and Section 43(3) | Indonesian Space Act, Section 35(1) | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 9, Section 17, Section 25, Section 33, Section 40 and Section 48

  51. 51.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 18, Section 26(3), Section 35(2) and Section 43(3) | Indonesian Space Act, Section 35 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 10, Section 18, Section 26, Section 34, Section 41 and Section 49

  52. 52.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 19, Section 28(1) and Section 36(1) | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 11, Section 19, Section 27, Section 35 and Section 42

  53. 53.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 36 and Section 37

  54. 54.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 5

  55. 55.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 4 and French Decree on Authorisation, Section 1

  56. 56.

    French Decree on Authorisation, Section 5

  57. 57.

    French Order on Technical Regulations

  58. 58.

    Act on Space Operations, Section 1 under 7

  59. 59.

    Austrian Explanatory Memorandum, Zu § 8

  60. 60.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) | Australian Space Activities Act, Section 22, Section 31 and Section 38 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 13 | French Act on Space Operations, Section 3 and French Decree on Authorisation, Section 14 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 8 | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 15(1) | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 53

  61. 61.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 78(1)

  62. 62.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 12 | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 8

  63. 63.

    Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 20

  64. 64.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 6(2) | Australian Space Activities Act, Section 24, Section 25, Section 33(1), Section 34(1), Section 40, Section 41, Section 45B and Section 45C | Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 16 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 11(1) | French Act on Space Operations, Section 9 and French Decree on Authorisation, Section 7 and Section 15 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 7 | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 9 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 14(1) under c & d, Section 21(1) under c & d, Section 30(1) under c & d, Section 37(1) under c & d, Section 44(1) under c & d and Section 50(1) under c & d

  65. 65.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 6(3) | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 11(4) & Section 11(5) | French Act on Space Operations, Section 9 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 7(3) | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 13, Section 20, Section 29, Section 36

  66. 66.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 25(2), Section 34(2), Section 34(3), Section 41(2) and Section 45C(2)

  67. 67.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 24, Section 33(1), Section 40 and Section 45B | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 14(1) under a & b, Section 21(1) under a & b, Section 30(1) under a & b, Section 37(1) under a & b, Section 44(1) under a & b and Section 50(1) under a & b

  68. 68.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2) | Australian Space Activities Act, Section 34(1) | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 8 and Section 9(1)

  69. 69.

    Chines Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 16 and Section 17

  70. 70.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 11(1)

  71. 71.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 7(1)

  72. 72.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 7(2)

  73. 73.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 7(3)

  74. 74.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 4 | Swedish Draft Law on Space Activities, 11

  75. 75.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 36 and Section 37

  76. 76.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 69

  77. 77.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 3(2)

  78. 78.

    Niklas Hedman, ‘Swedish Legislation on Space Activities’ in Christian Brünner and Edith Walter, Nationales Weltraumrecht/National Space Law (Böhlau 2008), 77

  79. 79.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 19

  80. 80.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 35(1) under a and Section 84(1)

  81. 81.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(4)

  82. 82.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(4) | Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 11 and 18

  83. 83.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 26(3) under d, Section 35(2) under a(i) and Section 43(3) under b

  84. 84.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 47(2) under b

  85. 85.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 48(1) and Section 48(2)

  86. 86.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 47(3)

  87. 87.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(4)

  88. 88.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(4)

  89. 89.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 6(I)

  90. 90.

    French Decree on Authorisation, Section 16

  91. 91.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 6(II), Section 16 and Section 17

  92. 92.

    French Decree on Authorisation, Section 17

  93. 93.

    French Decree on Authorisation, Section 18

  94. 94.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2) under f

  95. 95.

    Grahame Danby, ‘Outer Space’ (Briefing Paper Number CBP 7464, 10 March 2017) <http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7464#fullreport> accessed 3 July 2017, 5

  96. 96.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(2)

  97. 97.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 5(2)

  98. 98.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 13(1)

  99. 99.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 10(2), Section 18(2) under b, Section 26(2), Section 34(2) under b and Section 48(2)

  100. 100.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 8 under ‘liability period’

  101. 101.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 6 | UK Outer Space Act, Section 10(1) | Australian Space Activities Act, Section 74 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 15(1) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 12(1) | French Act on Space Operations, Section 14 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 11(1) | Indonesian Space Act, Section 79 | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 12(1)

  102. 102.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 74(2) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 12 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 11(2)

  103. 103.

    Austrian outer Space Act, Section 11(2)

  104. 104.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 12(4)

  105. 105.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 14, Section 16 and Section 17 | UK Space Agency, ‘Advance notification: introduction of a liability cap for UK Outer Space Act 1986 licensees’ <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/447278/OSA_reform_guidance_text__2_.pdf> accessed 3 July 2017

  106. 106.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 16 and Section 17

  107. 107.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 14

  108. 108.

    Report on the French Bill on Space Operations, 41 | UK Space Agency, ‘Advance notification: introduction of a liability cap for UK Outer Space Act 1986 licensees’ <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/447278/OSA_reform_guidance_text__2_.pdf accessed 3 July 2017

  109. 109.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 10(2) | UK Deregulation Act, cl 12(2)

  110. 110.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 14

  111. 111.

    Danish Executive Order, Section 12

  112. 112.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 13(1)

  113. 113.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 15(7)

  114. 114.

    Belgian Royal Decree on Implementation, Section 11(1)

  115. 115.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 15(4), Section 16(2) and Section 19(3)

  116. 116.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 6

  117. 117.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 6 and Swedish Draft Law on Space Activities, 13

  118. 118.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 10(3), Section 18(2) under a, Section 26(3), Section 34(2) under a and Section 41(2) | Indonesian Space Act, Section 35(2)

  119. 119.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 76(2) under b

  120. 120.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 79(2)

  121. 121.

    Yun Zhao, National Space Law in China (Brill | Nijhoff 2015), 84

  122. 122.

    Yun Zhao, National Space Law in China (Brill | Nijhoff 2015), 84

  123. 123.

    New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 88(1) under 14

  124. 124.

    Swedish Decree on Space Activities, Section 4 | Indonesian Space Act, Section 71(4)

  125. 125.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 7(2)

  126. 126.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 76

  127. 127.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 10(1) | Austrian Outer Space Regulation, Section 6(2).

  128. 128.

    Chinese Order on Administrative Measures on Registration, Section 6

  129. 129.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 14(2) under 2.

  130. 130.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 14(2) under 4.

  131. 131.

    French Order on Registration Information, Section 1

  132. 132.

    Danish Executive Order, Section 8

  133. 133.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 10(3) | Chinese Order on Administrative Measures on Registration, Section 9 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 14(2) under 8 | French Order on Registration Information, Section 2 | Danish Executive Order, Section 10 and Section 11

  134. 134.

    Dutch Space Objects Registry Decree, Section 3

  135. 135.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 3(2)

  136. 136.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2) under e

  137. 137.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 6(d) | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 3(3) under b | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(1) under 5 | Indonesian Space Act, Section 87 and Section 88(1) | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) under 5 and Danish Executive Order, Section 7 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 10(1) under g & i, Section 18(1) under d &f, Section 26(1) under e and Section 34(1) under e

  138. 138.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 18 under b and Australian Space Activities Regulations, Section 3.01(2) and Section 5.01

  139. 139.

    French Decree on Authorisation, Section 1(II) under 2(D) | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 8(1)

  140. 140.

    French Order on Technical Regulations, Section 9 | Belgian Royal Decree on Implementation, Section 7(1) and Section 8(1)

  141. 141.

    French Order on Technical Regulations, Section 43

  142. 142.

    Richard Tremayne-Smith, ‘Environmental Protection and Space Debris Issues in the Context of Authorisation’ in Frans von der Dunk (ed), National Space Legislation in Europe (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011), 185–187

  143. 143.

    Yun Zhao, National Space Law in China (Brill | Nijhoff 2015), 220–221

  144. 144.

    Explanation to the Order Amending the Dutch Space Activities Licence Application Order, 6 | French Order on Technical Regulations, Section 9 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 9(1), Section 17(1), Section 25(10 and Section 33(1) and New Zealand Licences and Permits Regulation, Section 13

  145. 145.

    French Order on Technical Regulations, Section 21, Section 33, Section 34 and Section 40

  146. 146.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) under 4 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 4(1) under 4

  147. 147.

    Danish Executive Order, Section 6(1) | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 5

  148. 148.

    Danish Executive Order, Section 6(2)

  149. 149.

    Austrian Outer Space Regulation, Section 2(4)

  150. 150.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 41(1)

  151. 151.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 3(2) and Swedish Draft Law on Space Activities, 15 | UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2) under a and Section 5(2) under c | Australian Space Activities Act, Section 20 and Section 29 | Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 23 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 10 and Belgian Royal Decree on Implementation, Section 2 | Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 13 | French Act on Space Operations, Section 7 | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 13 | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 16 and Section 17 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 51

  152. 152.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 5(1)

  153. 153.

    Swedish Act on Space Activities, Section 5(1)

  154. 154.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 8(1)

  155. 155.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 12

  156. 156.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 11 under e-f, Section 12 under d-e, Section 13 under f-g, Section 14 under d-e and Section 80 | Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 19(1) and Section 19(2) | Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 14 | Indonesian Space Act, Section 94–100 | New Zealand Space Activities Act, Section 65–71

  157. 157.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 14

  158. 158.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 15

  159. 159.

    French Act on Space Operations, Section 11

  160. 160.

    Danish Outer Space Act, Section 21(1)

  161. 161.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 24 and Section 25

  162. 162.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 24 and Section 25

  163. 163.

    Chinese Order on Interim Measures on Launch Permits, Section 25

  164. 164.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 16 | Belgian Draft Act on Space Activities, 32

  165. 165.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 10(2)

  166. 166.

    Dutch Space Activities Act, Section 10(1)

  167. 167.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 91

  168. 168.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 94

  169. 169.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 95

  170. 170.

    Australian Space Activities Act, Section 85

  171. 171.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 69(1)

  172. 172.

    Indonesian Space Act, Section 69(4)

  173. 173.

    Austrian Outer Space Act, Section 6(1) | Danish Outer Space Act, Section 8 and Section 9(1)

  174. 174.

    UK Outer Space Act, Section 5(2)

  175. 175.

    Explanatory Memorandum to the Dutch Space Activities Act, 21

  176. 176.

    Belgian Act on Space Activities, Section 17(1)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Annette Froehlich & Vincent Seffinga

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  1. Annette Froehlich
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  2. Vincent Seffinga
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), Vienna, Austria

    Annette Froehlich

  2. European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), Vienna, Austria

    Vincent Seffinga

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Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V. (2018). Comparative Analysis of National Space Legislation. In: Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V. (eds) National Space Legislation . Studies in Space Policy, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70431-9_5

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