Abstract
Acquired macular pigmentation of uncertain etiology(AMPUE) has certain characteristic hyperpigmentation patterns; they include ashy dermatosis(AD), erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP), lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP), and idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation(IEMP). The clinical and histopathological features overlap, and presently there is no consensus on effective treatment. Riehl’s melanosis and IEMP with papillomatosis are two other distinctive pigmentary disorders for which the exact aetiology is not known. All other cases, where the pattern of pigmentation is not characteristic, are best kept under the umbrella of AMPUE until more disease-defining features develop or the etiology becomes clearer. There is a pressing need to fully understand and properly define these skin conditions as patchy hyperpigmentation creates both cosmetic and psychological problems for the darker-skinned populations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kumarasinghe SP. Understanding macular pigmentation of uncertain aetiology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015;81:581–3.
Ramirez CO. Los Cenicientos (1957) Problema Clinico. In: Report of the first central American congress of dermatology, San Salvador, December 5–8, 1957. San Salvador: Publisher; 1957. p. 122–30.
Ramirez CO. The ashy dermatosis (erythema dyschromicum perstans). Epidemiological study and report of 139 cases. Cutis. 1967;3:244–7.
Weedon D. Weedon’s skin pathology. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2002. p. 37.
Convit J, Kerdel-Vegas F, Rodriguez G. Erythema dyschromicum perstans. A hitherto undescribed skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 1961;36:457–62.
Sanchez NP, Pathak MA. Circumscribed dermal melanosis: classification, light, histochemical and electron microscopic studies on 3 patients with erythema dyschromicum perstans. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24:630.
Novick NL, Phelps R, Tom C. Erythema dyschromicum perstans. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24(10):630–3.
Pinkus H. Lichenoid tissue reactions. A speculative review of the clinical spectrum of epidermal basal cell damage with special reference to erythema dyschromicum perstans. Arch Dermatol. 1973;107:840–6.
Bhutani LK, Bedi TR, Pandhi RK. Lichen planus pigmentosus. Dermatologica. 1974;149:43–50.
Kanwar AJ, Dogra S, Handa S, Parsad D, Radotra BDA. Study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:481–5.
Knox JM, Dodge BG, Freeman RG. Erythema dyschromicum perstans. Arch Dermatol. 1968;97:262–72.
Vega ME, Waxtein L, Arenas R, Hodyo M, Dominguez-Soto L. Ashy dermatosis and lichen planus pigmentosus: a clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31:90–4.
Muthu SK, Narang T, Saikia UN, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D, Dogra S. Low-dose oral isotretinoin therapy in lichen planus pigmentosus: an open-label non-randomized prospective pilot study. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(9):1048–54.
Al-Mutairi N, El-Khalawany M. Clinicopathological characteristics of lichen planus pigmentosus and its response to tacrolimus ointment: an open label, non-randomized, prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(5):535–40.
Degos R, Civatte J, Belaich S. La pigmentation maculeuse éruptive idiopathique. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1978;105:177–82.
de Galdeano CS, Leaute-Labreze C, Bioulac-Sage P, et al. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of five patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13:274–7.
Jang KA, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of 10 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(2):351–3.
Stinco G, Favot F, Scott CA, et al. Pigmentatio maculos eruptive idiopathica: a case report and review of related literature. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46:1267–70.
Joshi R. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation with papillomatosis: report of nine cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:402–5.
Joshi R, Palwade PK. Idopathic eruptive macular pigmentation or acanthosis nigricans? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76:591.
Chandran V, Kumarasinghe SP. Macular pigmentation of uncertain aetiology revisited: two case reports and a proposed algorithm for clinical classification. Australas J Dermatol. 2017;58(1):45–9.
Riehl G. Uber eine eigenartige melanose. Wien Klin Wochensschr. 1917;30:280–1.
Findlay GH. Some observations on the melanosis of Riehl. S Afr Med J. 1952 May 3;26(18):373–5.
Rorsman H. Riehl’s melanosis. Int J Dermatol. 1982;21:75–80.
Nakayama H, Matsuo S, Hayakawa K, Takhashi K, Shigematsu T. Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1984;23:299–305.
Kozuka T, Tashiro M, Sano S, Fujimoto K, Nakamura Y, Hashimoto S, et al. Brilliant Lake red R as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1979;5:297.
Fujimoto K, Hashimoto S, Kozuka T, Tashiro M, Sano S. Occupational pigmented contact dermatitis from azo dyes. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;12:15–7.
Shenoi SD, Rao R. Pigmented contact dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007 Sep-Oct;73(5):285–7.
Wang L, Xu AE. Four views of Riehl's melanosis: clinical appearance, dermoscopy, confocal microscopy and histopathology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Sep.;28(9):1199–206.
Serrano G, Pujol C, Cuadra J, Gallo S, Aliaga A. Riehl’s melanosis: pigmented contact dermatitis caused by fragrances. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;5(2):1057–60.
Smucker JE, Kirby JS. Riehl melanosis treated successfully with Q-switch Nd:YAG laser. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014 Mar;13(3):356–8.
On HR, Hong WJ, Roh MR. Low-pulse energy Q-switched Nd:YAG laser treatment for hair-dye-induced Riehl's melanosis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015 Jun.;17(3):135–8.
Chung BY, Kim JE, Ko JY, Chang SEA. Pilot study of a novel dual--pulsed 1064 nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser to treat Riehl's melanosis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014 Dec.;16(6):290–2.
Pirmez R, Duque-Estrada B, Donati A, Campos-do-Carmo G, Valente NS, Romiti R, et al. Clinical and dermoscopic features of lichen planus pigmentosus in 37 patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(6):1387–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dayrit, J.F., Kumarasinghe, P. (2018). Macular Pigmentation of Uncertain Etiology. In: Kumarasinghe, P. (eds) Pigmentary Skin Disorders. Updates in Clinical Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70419-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70419-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70418-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70419-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)