Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Guttate Leukoderma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pigmentary Skin Disorders

Part of the book series: Updates in Clinical Dermatology ((UCD))

  • 1368 Accesses

Abstract

Guttate leukoderma refers to raindrop-like hypo- or depigmentation. It could result from a wide range of etiologies. A careful history and examination often provide the clues to the diagnosis.

The age of the patient is also important for the diagnosis. Some of the hereditary causes tend to manifest in the childhood. However, some acquired causes such as pityriasis alba, achromic verruca plana, and pityriasis lichenoides chronica also occur predominantly in children. On the contrary, conditions like idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis preferentially affect the elderly.

This chapter mainly focuses on the commonest cause of guttate leukoderma, idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (IGH). In addition, we discuss the clinical features and some important aspects of other causes for guttate leukoderma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cummings KI, Cottel WI. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Arch Dermatol. 1966;93(2):184–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Costa OG. Progressive symmetrical leukopathia of the extremities. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris). 1951;78(4):452–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Whitehead WJ, Moyer DG, Vander Ploeg DE. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Arch Dermatol. 1966;94(3):279–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hamada T, Saito T. Senile depigmented spots (idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis) . Arch Dermatol. 1967;95(665).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shin MK, Jeong KH, Oh IH, Choe BK, Lee MH. Clinical features of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis in 646 subjects and association with other aspects of photoaging. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50(7):798–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Falabella R, Escobar C, Giraldo N, Rovetto P, Gil J, Barona MI, et al. On the pathogenesis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16(1 Pt 1):35–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kim SK, Kim EH, Kang HY, Lee ES, Sohn S, Kim YC. Comprehensive understanding of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: clinical and histopathological correlation. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(2):162–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Arrunategui A, Trujillo RA, Marulanda MP, Sandoval F, Wagner A, Alzate A, et al. HLA-DQ3 is associated with idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, whereas HLA-DR8 is not, in a group of renal transplant patients. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(11):744–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. McDaniel WE, Richfield DF. Macular hypopigmentation on legs of women. Dermatol Digest. 1965;4:59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kumarasinghe P. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. In: Dermatological cryosurgery and cryotherapy. London: Springer; 2016. p. 407–11.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Juntongjin P, Laosakul K. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: a review of its etiology, pathogenesis, findings, and treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(4):403–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bambroo MP, Pande S, Khopkar U. Dermoscopy in the differentiation of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (IGH) and Guttate vitiligo. In: Khopkar S, editor. Dermoscopy and trichoscopy in diseases of the brown skin atlas and short text. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Ltd; 2012. p. 97–103.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Ankad BS, Beergouder SL. Dermoscopic evaluation of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: a preliminary observation. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015;6(3):164–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Joshi R. Skip areas of retained melanin: a clue to the histopathological diagnosis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(6):571–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Wilson PD, Lavker RM, Kligman AM. On the nature of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(4):301–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kakepis M, Havaki S, Katoulis A, Katsambas A, Stavrianeas N, Troupis TG. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: an electron microscopy study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(7):1435–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Joshipura S, editor. Idiopathic guttate hypopigmentation. 45th national conference of Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists & Leprologists, DERMACON 2017, 12–15 Jan 2017, Kolkata, India.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pagnoni A, Kligman AM, Sadiq I, Stoudemayer T. Hypopigmented macules of photodamaged skin and their treatment with topical tretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol Stockholm. 1999;79:305–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Asawanonda P, Sutthipong T, Prejawai N. Pimecrolimus for idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(3):238–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ravikiran SP, Sacchidanand S, Leelavathy B. Therapeutic wounding – 88% phenol in idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014;5(1):14–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Rerknimitr P, Disphanurat W, Achariyakul M. Topical tacrolimus significantly promotes repigmentation in idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(4):460–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gupta K, Tripathi S, Kaur M. Evaluation of placental extracts as an adjuvant therapy to phenol in treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(8):WC01.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kumarasinghe SP. 3-5 second cryotherapy is effective in idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Dermatol. 2004;31(5):437–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ploysangam T, Dee-Ananlap S, Suvanprakorn P. Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis with liquid nitrogen: light and electron microscopic studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23(4 Pt 1):681–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hexsel DM. Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis by localized superficial dermabrasion. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(11):917–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shin J, Kim M, Park SH, Oh SH. The effect of fractional carbon dioxide lasers on idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: a preliminary study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(2):e243–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rerknimitr P, Chitvanich S, Pongprutthipan M, Panchaprateep R, Asawanonda P. Non-ablative fractional photothermolysis in treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(11):2238–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gordon JR, Reed KE, Sebastian KR, Ahmed AM. Excimer light treatment for idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(4):553–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cattano AN. An unusual case of keratosis follicularis. Arch Dermatol. 1968;98(2):168–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Berth-Jones J, Hutchinson P. Darier's disease with peri-follicular depigmentation. Br J Dermatol. 1989;120(6):827–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hakuno M, Shimizu H, Akiyama M, Amagai M, Wahl J, Wheelock M, et al. Dissociation of intra-and extracellular domains of desmosomal cadherins and E-cadherin in Hailey–Hailey disease and Darier’s disease. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(4):702–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Goh B, Kumarasinghe S, Ng S. Two Singaporean cases of guttate leucoderma in Darier's disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29(3):313–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goh B, Kumarasinghe P, Lee Y. Loss of melanosome transfer accounts for guttate leucoderma in Darier's disease. Pigment Cell Res. 2005;18:48.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Terrom M, Dhaille F, Baltazard T, Dadban A, Sevestre H, Lok C, et al. Guttate leukoderma in Darier disease: case report and review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(12):e205–e9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Grosshans E, Sengel D, Heid E. White lentiginosis. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie. 1994;121(1):7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Moulinas C, Banea S, De Cambourg G, Bochaton H, Tortel M, Cribier B, et al. A second case of white lentiginosis. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie. 2015;142(4):281–4.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Neri I, Bassi A, Misciali C, Bagni A, Patrizi A. Familial white lentiginosis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2017;177(2):535–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cole LA. Hypopigmentation with punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112(7):998–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Moore MM, Orlow SJ, Kamino H, Wang N, Schaffer JV. Cole disease: guttate hypopigmentation and punctate palmoplantar keratoderma. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(4):495–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schmieder A, Hausser I, Schneider SW, Goerdt S, Peitsch WK. Palmoplantar hyperkeratoses and hypopigmentation. Cole disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91(6):737–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vignale R, Yusin A, Panuncio A, Abulafia J, Reyno Z, Vaglio A. Cole disease: hypopigmentation with punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(4):302–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Youngren JF, Reaven G, Accili D, Trischitta V, et al. The role of membrane glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1/ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related abnormalities. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(1):62–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Eytan O, Morice-Picard F, Sarig O, Ezzedine K, Isakov O, Li Q, et al. Cole disease results from mutations in ENPP1. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93(4):752–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Wysong A, Sundram U, Benjamin L. Clear-cell papulosis: a rare entity that may be misconstrued pathologically as normal skin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(2):195–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kuo TT, Chan HL, Hsueh S. Clear cell papulosis of the skin. A new entity with histogenetic implications for cutaneous Paget's disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11(11):827–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kumarasinghe SPW, Chin GY, Kumarasinghe MP. Clear cell papulosis of the skin: a case report from Singapore. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(11):e149–e52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kuo T-T, Huang C-L, Chan H-L, Yang L-J, Chen M-J. Clear cell papulosis: report of three cases of a newly recognized disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33(2):230–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tseng FW, Kuo TT, Lu PH, Chan HL, Chan MJ, Hui RC. Long-term follow-up study of clear cell papulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):266–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Goodfield M, Jones S, Veale D. The ‘connective tissue diseases’. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C, editors. Rook’s textbook of dermatology, vol. 3. 8th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 51.112–51.8.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Suchonwanit P, Ruangchainikom P, Apibal Y. Eruptive tumors of the follicular infundibulum: an unexpected diagnosis of Hypopigmented macules. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015;5(3):207–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Alomari A, Subtil A, Owen CE, McNiff JM. Solitary and multiple tumors of follicular infundibulum: a review of 168 cases with emphasis on staining patterns and clinical variants. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(6):532–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Matveev N, Kile M. Pigmentation changes resulting from chronic arsenic exposure. In: Zhai H, Wilhelm K, Maibach H, editors. Marzulli and Maibach’s dermatotoxicology. 7th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group; 2008. p. 873–80.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Guifan S, Jiayi L, Luong T, Dianjun S, Liying W. In: Guifan S, editor. Endemic arsenicosis: A clinical diagnostic manual with photo illustrations. UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office: Bangkok; 2004. 59 p.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Northrup H, Krueger DA, Group ITSCC. Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 international tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference. Key Points of the Chinese Guidelines for Clinical Diagnostic of arsenicosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;49(4):243–54.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jozwiak S, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK, Michałowicz R, Chmielik J. Skin lesions in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: their prevalence, natural course, and diagnostic significance. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(12):911–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Webb D, Carke A, Fyer A, Osborne J. The cutaneous features of tuberous sclerosis: a population study. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(1):1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Au KS, Williams AT, Roach ES, Batchelor L, Sparagana SP, Delgado MR, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlation in 325 individuals referred for a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex in the United States. Genet Med. 2007;9(2):88–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Seibert D, Hong C-H, Takeuchi F, Olsen C, Hathaway O, Moss J, et al. Recognition of tuberous sclerosis in adult women: delayed presentation with life-threatening consequences. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(12):806–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Jacks SK, Witman PM. Tuberous sclerosis complex: an update for dermatologists. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(5):563–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marchell RM, Judson MA. Chronic cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(3):295–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Thomas RH, McKee PH, Black MM. Hypopigmented sarcoidosis. J R Soc Med. 1981;74(12):921–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Hall RS, Floro JF, King LE Jr. Hypopigmented lesions in sarcoidosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11(6):1163–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tan SK, Sim CS, Goh CL. Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis in Chinese – two case reports and a review. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(6):639–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tan SK. Exogenous ochronosis in ethnic Chinese Asians: a clinicopathological study, diagnosis and treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(7):842–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Liu WC, Tey HL, Lee JS, Goh BK. Exogenous ochronosis in a Chinese patient: use of dermoscopy aids early diagnosis and selection of biopsy site. Singap Med J. 2014;55(1):e1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Simmons BJ, Griffith RD, Bray FN, Falto-Aizpurua LA, Nouri K. Exogenous ochronosis: a comprehensive review of the diagnosis, epidemiology, causes, and treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(3):205–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Arunprasath P, Reji S, Srivenkateswaran K. Vitiligo ponctue. Pigment Int. 2015;2(2):103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Bieber T, Bussmann C. Atopic Dermatitis. In: Bolognia J, Joseph L, Shaffer J, editors. Dermatology. 1. 3 ed: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 203–17.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gaitanis G, Magiatis P, Hantschke M, Bassukas ID, Velegraki A. The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):106–41.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wille G, Mayser P, Thoma W, Monsees T, Baumgart A, Schmitz HJ, et al. Malassezin – a novel agonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor from the yeast Malassezia furfur. Bioorg Med Chem. 2001;9(4):955–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kramer HJ, Kessler D, Hipler UC, Irlinger B, Hort W, Bodeker RH, et al. Pityriarubins, novel highly selective inhibitors of respiratory burst from cultures of the yeast Malassezia furfur: comparison with the bisindolylmaleimide arcyriarubin A. Chembiochem. 2005;6(12):2290–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Machowinski A, Kramer HJ, Hort W, Mayser P. Pityriacitrin – a potent UV filter produced by Malassezia furfur and its effect on human skin microflora. Mycoses. 2006;49(5):388–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mayser P, Schafer U, Kramer HJ, Irlinger B, Steglich W. Pityriacitrin – an ultraviolet-absorbing indole alkaloid from the yeast Malassezia furfur. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002;294(3):131–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Larangeira de Almeida H, Mayser P. Absence of sunburn in lesions of pityriasis versicolor alba. Mycoses. 2006;49(6):516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gambichler T, Kramer HJ, Boms S, Skrygan M, Tomi NS, Altmeyer P, et al. Quantification of ultraviolet protective effects of pityriacitrin in humans. Arch Dermatol Res. 2007;299(10):517–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S. Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum. J Invest Dermatol. 1978;71(3):205–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Relyveld GN, Menke HE, Westerhof W. Progressive macular hypomelanosis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8(1):13–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bessis D, Jeziorski É, Rigau V, Pralong P, Pallure V. Bier anaemic spots, cyanosis with urticaria-like eruption (BASCULE) syndrome: a new entity? Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(1):218–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lestringant GG, Masouyé I, Frossard P, Adeghate E, Galadari I. Co-existence of leukoderma with features of Dowling-Degos disease: reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura spectrum in five unrelated patients. Dermatology. 1997;195(4):337–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lee SJ, Lee HJ, Kim DW, Jun JB, Chung SL, Bae HI. A case of Dowling-Degos disease suggesting an evolutional sequence. J Dermatol. 2000;27(9):591–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sandhu K, Saraswat A, Kanwar A. Dowling–Degos disease with dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria-like pigmentation in a family. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(6):702–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Thami G, Jaswal R, Kanwar A, Radotra B, Singh I. Overlap of reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura, acropigmentation of Dohi and Dowling-Degos disease in four generations. Dermatology. 1998;196(3):350–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Nirmal B, Dongre AM, Khopkar US. Dermatoscopic features of hyper and hypopigmented lesions of Dowling-Degos disease. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(1):125.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Wu Y-H, Lin Y-C. Generalized Dowling-Degos disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(2):327–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chang MW. Disorders of Hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia J, Joseph L, Shaffer J, editors. Dermatology. 1. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 1049–74.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Morishima T. A clinical variety of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis characterized by dyschromia (amyloidosis cutis dyschromica). Jpn J Dermatol Ser B. 1970;80(1):43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Ho MS, Ho J, Tan SH. Hypopigmented macular amyloidosis with or without hyperpigmentation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e547–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Eng AM, Cogan L, Gunnar RM, Blekys I. Familial generalized dyschromic amyloidosis cutis. J Cutan Pathol. 1976;3(2):102–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Al Hawsawi K, Al Aboud K, Ramesh V, Al Aboud D. Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria: report of a case and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(6):523–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pawsey SA, Magnus IA, Ramsay CA, Benson PF, Giannelli F. Clinical, genetic and DNA repair studies on a consecutive series of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. Q J Med. 1979;48(190):179–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Irvine A, Mellerio J. Genetics and Genodermatoses. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C, editors. Rook’s textbook of Dermatology. 1. 8 ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 15.1–.97.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kirnbauer R, Lenz P. Human Papillomaviruses. In: Bolognia J, Joseph L, Shaffer J, editors. Dermatolgy. 2. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 1303–18.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kim HS, DS Y, Kim JW. White fibrous papulosis of the neck. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21(3):419–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Updated classification of papular mucinosis, lichen myxedematosus, and scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(2, Part 1):273–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kopf AW, Morrill S, Silberberg I. Broad spectrum of leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum. Arch Dermatol. 1965;92(1):14–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Anstey A. Disorders of Skin Colour. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C, editors. Rook’s textbook of Dermatology. 3. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 58. 49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kazakov D, Burg G, Kempf W. Clinicopathological spectrum of mycosis fungoides. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(4):397–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bowers S, Warshaw EM. Pityriasis Lichenoides and its subtypes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(4):557–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia

    Nisansala Mahenthi Nagodavithana

  2. Department of Dermatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital and University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Prasad Kumarasinghe

Authors
  1. Nisansala Mahenthi Nagodavithana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prasad Kumarasinghe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital and University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Autralia, Australia

    Prasad Kumarasinghe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nagodavithana, N.M., Kumarasinghe, P. (2018). Guttate Leukoderma. In: Kumarasinghe, P. (eds) Pigmentary Skin Disorders. Updates in Clinical Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70419-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70419-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70418-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70419-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation