Abstract
Heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment of a large number of low-power small base stations (SBS) is expected to meet up coverage and capacity challenges arising from the global upsurge of mobile data traffic volumes, driven mostly by increase of data-intensive devices, such as smartphones and tablets. However, effective backhaul implementation for the SBS still remains the main bottleneck, as the ever-increasing SBS density will lead to a more complex backhauling and, as such, increased risk of raising capital, and operational and network energy costs. In this paper, the conventional microwave backhauls are compared with self-backhauling for typical dense and spare environments. A heterogeneous network backhaul-energy model is proposed and used to investigate the energy efficiency of the two systems. The impacts of network traffic load and small cells density on power consumption for both backhaul systems were investigated. Furthermore, we present a break-even power point and load threshold level for safe operating regions toward achieving optimum utilization of self-backhauling in a way for higher energy-efficient and sustainable networks compared to traditional homogeneous macro network deployments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cisco. Visual Networking index. Available on http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/index.html [Accessed 17 Sept 2015]
Mills MP (2013) An overview of the electricity used by the global Digital Ecosystem. Digital Power Group, August 2013, pp 1–45. Available on http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac&c761ac [Accessed on 27 Nov 2015]
Hwang I, Song B, Soliman SS (2013) A holistic view on hyper-dense heterogeneous and small cell networks. IEEE Commun Mag 51(6):20–27
Nokia Networks. Technology Vision 2020 Flatten Network Energy Consumption. White Paper, available on http://networks.nokia.com/sites/default/files/document/technology_vision_2020_energy_consumption_white_paper.pdf. [Accessed on 10 Nov 2015]
Lubritto C (2010) Telecommunication power system: energy saving, renewable sources and environmental monitoring. In: Bouras CJ (ed) Trends in telecommunications technologies. ISBN: 978-953-307-072-8, InTech, Available from http://www.intechopen.com/books/trends-in-telecommunicationstechnologies/telecommunication-power-system-energy-saving-renewable-sources-and-environmentalmonitoring
Bhushan N et al (2014, February) Network densification: the dominant theme for wireless evolution into 5G. IEEE Commun Mag 82–89
Bhushan N et al (2013, March) Small cells backhaul. Strategic White Paper, Alcatel-Lucent, pp 1–8. http://www.stjohnpatrick.com/12/ec/7Small-Cells-Backhaul.pdf
Tombaz S, Monti P, Wang K, Vastberg A, Forzati M, Zander J (2011) Impact of backhauling power consumption on the deployment of heterogeneous mobile networks. In 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2011), 5–9 Dec 2011, pp 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2011.6133999
Luis S, Abbes BM, Ali MM, Michel M, Loutfi N (2015) Energy efficiency and cost issues in backhaul architectures for high data-rate green mobile heterogeneous networks. In 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 30 Aug 2015–2 Sept 2015, pp 1563–1568. https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343547
Farias FS, Monti P, Vastberg A, Nilson M, Costa JCWA, Wosinska L (2013) Green backhauling for heterogeneous mobile access networks: What are the challenges? In 2013 9th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS), 10–13 Dec 2013, pp 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/icics.2013.6782868
Nokia. Self-organizing networks for mobile backhaul. Available on http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/200255
Spagnuolo A, Petraglia A, Vetromile C, Formosi R, Lubritto C (2015) Monitoring and optimization of energy consumption of base transceiver stations. Energy 81:286–293
GPP Release 10 available on http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced [Accessed on 24 Sept 2015]
Lanzani CF, Kardaras G, Boppana D. Remote radio heads and the evolution towards 4G networks. Radiocom 1–5. Availbale on https://www.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_US/pdfs/literature/wp/wp-01096-rrh-4g.pdf
DeruyckM, Emmeric T, Wout J, Luc M (2011) Modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access network. Comput Commun 43:2036–2046 (Elsevier)
Auer G et al (2011) How much energy is needed to run a wireless network? IEEE Wirel Commun 18(5):40–49
Deruyck M, Vereecken W, Joseph W, Lannoo B, Pickavet M, Martens L (2012) Reducing the power consumption in wireless access networks: overview and recommendations. Prog Electromagnet Res 132:255–274
Spagnuolo A, Petraglia A, Vetromile C, Formosi R, Lubritto C (2015) Heat flows and energetic behavior of a telecommunication radio base station. Energy 89:75–83
Pidwirny M (2006) Climate classification and climatic regions of the world. Fundam Phys Geogr (2nd Ed). Accessed 13 June 2016 from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7v.html
Holtkamp H, Auer G, Giannini V, Haas H (2013) A parameterized base station power model. IEEE Commun Lett 17(11):2033–2035
Balshe W. Power system consideration for cell tower applications. White paper, Cummins Power Gener 1–2, available on http://power.cummins.com/sites/default/files/literature/technicalpapers/PT-9019-Cell-Tower-Applications-en.pdf [Accessed on 10 June 2016]
Small Cell Forum (2014, February) Small cells, what’s the big idea. White Paper, Issue 25, version 030.05.05, pp 1–27
Small Cell Forum (2013, February) Backhaul technologies for small cells: use cases, requirements and solutions, version 049.05.02, pp 1–78
C-RAN The Road Towards Green RAN. White paper, China Mobile, October 2011. Available on http://labs.chinamobile.com/cran/wp-content/uploads/CRAN_white_paper_v2_5_EN.pdf
Niu Yong, Li Yong, Jin Depeng, Li Su, Vasilakos AV (2015) A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges. Wirel Netw 21:2657–2676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0942-z
Fakidis J, Kucera S, Claussen H, Haas H (2015) On the design of a free space optical link for small cell backhaul communication and power supply. In IEEE ICC Workshop on Visible Light Communication and Networking (VLCN), pp 1428–1433
Opawoye I, Faruk N, Bello OW, Olufemi M (2015, July) Recent trends on TV white space deployments in Africa. Niger J Technol (NIJOTECH) 34(3):556–563 (University of Nnsuka)
Gerami, C, Mandayam N, Greenstein L (2010) Backhauling in TV white spaces. In 2010 IEEE on Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2010), 6–10 December 2010, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2010.5684131
Flickenger R, Okay S, Pietrosemoli E, Zennaro M, Fonda C (2008) Very long distance wi-fi networks. In NSDR’08 Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Networked systems for developing regions. ACM New York, NY, USA ©2008, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397707
http://www.theruckusroom.net/2012/01/wi-fi-for-cellular-backhaul-really.html
Qualcomm. Rising to meet the 1000x mobile data challenge. White paper. Available on https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/rising-meet-1000x-mobile-data-challenge [Accessed 24 Sept 2015]
Haile BB, Mutafungwa E, Hamalainen J (2015) LTE-advanced enhancements for self-backhauled LTE-U small cells: an Addis Ababa case study. In AFRICON, 2015, pp 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2015.7332025
Haile BB, Mutafungwa E, Hämäläinen J (2015) Coordinated multi-point transmission for relaxation of self-backhauling bottlenecks in heterogeneous networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Network 78:1–17
Coldrey M et al (2014, November 14) Wireless backhaul in future heterogeneous networks. ISSN 0014-0171284 23-3234. Ericsson, pp 1–11
Faruk N, Ayeni AA, Muhammad MY, Olawoyin LA, Abdulkarim A, Agbakoba J, Olufemi MO (2013) Techniques for minimizing power consumption of base transceiver station in mobile cellular systems. IJS Int J Sustain 2(1):1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijs.vol2.issue1.1
GSMA (2014, December) Green power for mobile: the global telecom tower ESCO market overview of the global market for energy to telecom towers in off-grid and bad-grid areas. Technical White Paper, pp 1–52. Available on http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/140617-GSMA-report-draft-vF-KR-v7.pdf [Accessed on 18 June 2016]
Faruk N, Ruttik K, Mutafungwa E, Jäntti R (2016, November 15) Energy savings through self-backhauling for future heterogeneous networks. Energy 115 (Part 1):711–721, ISSN 0360-5442 (Elsevier), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.059, http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy
GSMA (2012, December) Powering telecoms: East Africa market analysis sizing the potential for green telecoms in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. White Paper, pp 1–28
GSMA (2013) Powering telecoms: West Africa market analysis sizing the potential for green telecoms in Nigeria and Ghana. Technical White Paper, pp 1–29. Available on http://www.millennia2015.org/files/files/Zero_mothers_die/gpm_market_analysis_west_africa_.pdf [accessed on 25 June 2016]
GSMA (2014, December) Green power for mobile: the global telecom tower ESCO market overview of the global market for energy to telecom towers in off-grid and bad-grid areas. Technical White Paper, pp 1–52. Available on http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/140617-GSMA-report-draft-vF-KR-v7.pdf [Accessed on 18 June 2016]
Delloite (2015, June) Indian tower industry: the future is data. http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/in/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/in-tmt-indian-tower-industry-noexp.pdf [Accessed on 08 July 2016]
https://yearbook.enerdata.net/world-electricity-production-map-graph-and-data.html
Country Comparison Electricity consumption per capita. Available on http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=81000 [accessed on 30 June 2016]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Faruk, N., Oloyede, A.A., Abdulkarim, A., Olawoyin, L.A., Adediran, Y.A. (2019). Energy Savings in Heterogeneous Networks with Self-Organizing Backhauling. In: Herawan, T., Chiroma, H., Abawajy, J. (eds) Advances on Computational Intelligence in Energy. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69889-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69889-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69888-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69889-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)