Abstract
The skin as the largest body organ is an important marker for an underlying HIV infection. There is a broad spectrum of skin symptoms and diseases that can be seen arising as a result of the underlying infection and progressing severity of the disease, enabling the dermatologist to make early diagnosis. Depending on the immune status of the patient, various cutaneous manifestations occur. While the majority of them improve as the immune status stabilizes, some may present a paradox by either worsening or clinically becoming more apparent. Drugs used to treat HIV, such as the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), can themselves lead to significant side effects that manifest on the skin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
UNAIDS. AIDS by the numbers, AIDS is not over, but it can be. 2016. www.unaids.org
Ameen M. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease on pigmented skin types. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(suppl 3):11–8.
Wernham AG, Vydianath B, Chua SL. Thalidomide-A novel therapeutic approach for pruritic papular eruption of HIV. JAAD Case Rep. 2015;1:109–11.
Resneck JS, VanBeek M. Fumanski et al: etiology of pruritic popular eruption with HIV infection in Uganda. JAMA. 2004;292:2614–21.
Chua SL, Amerson EH, Leslie KS, et al. Factors associated with pruritic papular eruption of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the antiretroviral therapy era. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:832–9.
Forrestel AK, Kovarick CL, Mosam A, et al. Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis-a case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27:1342–5.
Bilu D, Mamelak AJ, Nguyen RH, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characterization of photosensitivity in HIV positive individuals. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20:175–83.
Anthony FC, Marsden RA. Vitiligo in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:456–8.
Mischo M, von Kobyletzki LB, Brundermann E, et al. Similar appearance, different mechanisms: xerosis in HIV, atopic dermatitis and ageing. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:446–8.
Meys R, Gotch FM, Bunker CB. Human papilloma virus in the era of highly antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus: an immune reconstitution-associated disease? Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:6–11.
Mapesi H, Ramirez A, Tanner M, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with dermatophytes in two HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:495.
Govender NP, Maphanga TG, Zulu TG, et al. An outbreak of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis among mine-workers in South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004096.
Bonifaz A, Chang P, Moreno K, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of 23 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:481–6.
Forrestel AK, Naujokas A, Martin JN, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis masquerading as Kaposi’s sarcoma in East Africa. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;14:21–5.
Farhi D, Zizi N, Grange P, et al. The epidemiology and clinical presentation of syphilis in a venereal disease center in Paris, France: a cohort study of 284 consecutive cases over the period of 2000-2007. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:484–9.
Stevenson J, Health M. Syphilis and HIV infection: an update. Dermatol Clin. 2005;24:497–507.
Guarneri C, Tchernev G, Bevelacqua V, et al. The unwelcome trio: HIV plus cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29(2):88–91. series: Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27: 1342–45.
Birbal S, Dheda M, Ojewole E, et al. Adverse drug reactions associated with antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res. 2016;15:243–8.
Stewart A, Lehloenya R, Boulle A, et al. Severe antiretroviral-associated skin reactions in south African patients: a case series and case control analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:1313–9.
Rodriguez O, Kovarick CL. Spectrum and progression of disease from condyloma to aggressive anogenital squamous cell carcinoma in 3-HIV-positive patients. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2:47–50.
Picard A, Badoual C, Hoursean M, et al. Human papilloma virus prevalence in HIV patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. AIDS. 2016;30:1257–66.
Thomas JO. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated cancers in sub-Saharan Africa. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:198–206.
Namakoola I, Wakeham K, Parkes-Ratanshi R, et al. Use of nail and oral pigmentation to determine ART eligibility among HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Tropical Med Int Health. 2010;15:259–62.
Nikolic DS, Vierro D, Tije VC, et al. Alopecia universalis associated with vitiligo in an 18-year old HIV-positive patient: highly active anti-retroviral therapy as first choice therapy? Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94:116–7.
Price P, Mathiot N, Krueger R, et al. Immune dysfunction and immune restoration disease in HIV patients given highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:224–33.
Gromley RH, Kovarick CL. Human papillomavirus-related genital disease in the immunocompromised host. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:867–99.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workworski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:62–7.
Lohloenya R, Meintjes G. Dermatological manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24:549–70.
Sen S Bhaumik P. Resolution of giant molluscum contagiosum with antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:267–8.
Bar A, Hautschke D, Mirmohammadsadegh A, et al. Spectrum of bacterial isolates in HIV-positive patients with skin and soft tissue infections: emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. AIDS. 2003;17:1253–6.
Tappero JW, Perkins BA, Wenger JD, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of opportunistic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:440–50.
WHO. Consolidated guidelines on: The Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection; recommendations for a public health approach, 2nd edition. 2016. ISBN:9789241549684.
Sundar S, Sinha PK, Rai M, et al. Comparison of short course multidrug treatment with standard therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in India: an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9764):477–86.
Navarini AA, Stoeckle MM, Navarini S, et al. Antihistamines are superior to topical steroids in managing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated papular pruritic eruption. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:83–8.
Siegfried N, Uthman OA, Rutherford GW. Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD008272.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chaula, B.M. (2018). HIV-Infection and Associated Dermatoses. In: Orfanos, C., Zouboulis, C., Assaf, C. (eds) Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69421-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69422-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)