Skip to main content

HIV-Infection and Associated Dermatoses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 971 Accesses

Abstract

The skin as the largest body organ is an important marker for an underlying HIV infection. There is a broad spectrum of skin symptoms and diseases that can be seen arising as a result of the underlying infection and progressing severity of the disease, enabling the dermatologist to make early diagnosis. Depending on the immune status of the patient, various cutaneous manifestations occur. While the majority of them improve as the immune status stabilizes, some may present a paradox by either worsening or clinically becoming more apparent. Drugs used to treat HIV, such as the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), can themselves lead to significant side effects that manifest on the skin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. UNAIDS. AIDS by the numbers, AIDS is not over, but it can be. 2016. www.unaids.org

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ameen M. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease on pigmented skin types. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(suppl 3):11–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wernham AG, Vydianath B, Chua SL. Thalidomide-A novel therapeutic approach for pruritic papular eruption of HIV. JAAD Case Rep. 2015;1:109–11.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Resneck JS, VanBeek M. Fumanski et al: etiology of pruritic popular eruption with HIV infection in Uganda. JAMA. 2004;292:2614–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chua SL, Amerson EH, Leslie KS, et al. Factors associated with pruritic papular eruption of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the antiretroviral therapy era. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:832–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Forrestel AK, Kovarick CL, Mosam A, et al. Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis-a case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27:1342–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bilu D, Mamelak AJ, Nguyen RH, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characterization of photosensitivity in HIV positive individuals. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20:175–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anthony FC, Marsden RA. Vitiligo in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:456–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mischo M, von Kobyletzki LB, Brundermann E, et al. Similar appearance, different mechanisms: xerosis in HIV, atopic dermatitis and ageing. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:446–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Meys R, Gotch FM, Bunker CB. Human papilloma virus in the era of highly antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus: an immune reconstitution-associated disease? Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:6–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mapesi H, Ramirez A, Tanner M, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with dermatophytes in two HIV-1 positive patients in rural Tanzania: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:495.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Govender NP, Maphanga TG, Zulu TG, et al. An outbreak of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis among mine-workers in South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004096.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bonifaz A, Chang P, Moreno K, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of 23 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:481–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Forrestel AK, Naujokas A, Martin JN, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis masquerading as Kaposi’s sarcoma in East Africa. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;14:21–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Farhi D, Zizi N, Grange P, et al. The epidemiology and clinical presentation of syphilis in a venereal disease center in Paris, France: a cohort study of 284 consecutive cases over the period of 2000-2007. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:484–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stevenson J, Health M. Syphilis and HIV infection: an update. Dermatol Clin. 2005;24:497–507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Guarneri C, Tchernev G, Bevelacqua V, et al. The unwelcome trio: HIV plus cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29(2):88–91. series: Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27: 1342–45.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Birbal S, Dheda M, Ojewole E, et al. Adverse drug reactions associated with antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res. 2016;15:243–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stewart A, Lehloenya R, Boulle A, et al. Severe antiretroviral-associated skin reactions in south African patients: a case series and case control analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:1313–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rodriguez O, Kovarick CL. Spectrum and progression of disease from condyloma to aggressive anogenital squamous cell carcinoma in 3-HIV-positive patients. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2:47–50.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Picard A, Badoual C, Hoursean M, et al. Human papilloma virus prevalence in HIV patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. AIDS. 2016;30:1257–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thomas JO. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated cancers in sub-Saharan Africa. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:198–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Namakoola I, Wakeham K, Parkes-Ratanshi R, et al. Use of nail and oral pigmentation to determine ART eligibility among HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Tropical Med Int Health. 2010;15:259–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nikolic DS, Vierro D, Tije VC, et al. Alopecia universalis associated with vitiligo in an 18-year old HIV-positive patient: highly active anti-retroviral therapy as first choice therapy? Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94:116–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Price P, Mathiot N, Krueger R, et al. Immune dysfunction and immune restoration disease in HIV patients given highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:224–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gromley RH, Kovarick CL. Human papillomavirus-related genital disease in the immunocompromised host. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:867–99.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workworski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:62–7.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lohloenya R, Meintjes G. Dermatological manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24:549–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sen S Bhaumik P. Resolution of giant molluscum contagiosum with antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:267–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bar A, Hautschke D, Mirmohammadsadegh A, et al. Spectrum of bacterial isolates in HIV-positive patients with skin and soft tissue infections: emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. AIDS. 2003;17:1253–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tappero JW, Perkins BA, Wenger JD, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of opportunistic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:440–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. WHO. Consolidated guidelines on: The Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection; recommendations for a public health approach, 2nd edition. 2016. ISBN:9789241549684.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sundar S, Sinha PK, Rai M, et al. Comparison of short course multidrug treatment with standard therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in India: an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9764):477–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Navarini AA, Stoeckle MM, Navarini S, et al. Antihistamines are superior to topical steroids in managing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated papular pruritic eruption. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Siegfried N, Uthman OA, Rutherford GW. Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD008272.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chaula, B.M. (2018). HIV-Infection and Associated Dermatoses. In: Orfanos, C., Zouboulis, C., Assaf, C. (eds) Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69422-1_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69421-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69422-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics