Abstract
This chapter surveys the development and current state of e-learning in the Republic of Iraq. The author surveys the general social, economic, historical, and demographic background of Iraq and provides a review of its educational system. Analysis and statistics on the information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, usage of ICT in the country, and challenges and barriers to ICT implementation in education, business, and government are also provided. The chapter further explores in detail the major e-learning platforms, initiatives, and projects throughout the country. Information is additionally provided on accreditation, teacher training programs, and the regulatory framework of e-learning. Finally, the author speculates on the future development of e-learning in Iraq. A comprehensive bibliography on e-learning scholarship related to the country, including government reports and Web sites, appears at the end of the chapter.
Bibliography
Abadi agonistes. (2016). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes
Al-Azawei, A., Parslow, P., & Lundqvist, K. (2016a). Barriers and opportunities of e-learning implementation in Iraq: A case of public universities. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(5), 126–146.
Al-Azawei, A., Al-Bermani, A., & Lundqvist, K. (2016b). Evaluating the effect of Arabic engineering students’ learning styles in blended programming courses. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 15, 109–130.
Al-Azawei, A., Parslow, P., & Lundqvist, K. (2017). Investigating the effect of learning styles in a blended e-learning system: An extension of the technology acceptance model (TAM). Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(2), 1–23.
Alhadithi, R. M. I., & Elameer, A. S. (2011). Re-engineering Iraqi higher education with the e-education solutions. Retrieved from http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Penang/EDU/EDU-05.pdf
Al-Hafidh, M. A. S. (2013). The quality standards in the application of virtual learning environments (VLEs). Paper presented at the 2013 fourth international conference on e-Learning “Best practices in management, design and development of e-Courses: Standards of excellence and creativity”.
Al-Hashmi, A., & Darem, A. B. (2008). Understanding phases of e-government project. New Delhi, 17, 152–157.
Al-Huseiny, M. (2015). An e-learning environment based on the Moodle platform for Iraq universities. Wasit Journal for Engineering Sciences, 3(2), n.p.
Al-Khafaji, B. M. (2016). Post-conflict revitalisation of medical education: Iraq 2003, and beyond. (Masters thesis). Keele University, UK.
Al-Khatteeb, L., & Istepanian, H. (2015). Turn a light on: Electricity sector reform in Iraq foreign policy at Brookings. Doha: The Brookings Institution.
Al-Khayyat, A. S. J. (2015). The effect of CALL proposed program on university students’ achievement in English. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 2, 183–194.
Al-Radhi, A. J. (2008). Information professionals in a globalized world: Distance learning/E-learning for Iraq: Concept and road map. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 34(3), 34–37.
Al-Radhi, A. J. (2010). E-learning in Iraq. In U. Demiry (Ed.), E-learning practices: Cases on challenges facing e-learning and national development. Institutional studies and practices (Vol. 1, pp. 277–290). Eskişehir: Anadolu University.
Al Sanjari, M. H. (1994). The provision of training in educational technology in teacher training courses in Iraq. An experimental study. Cardiff: University of Wales.
Ameen, S. Y., & Ahmed, I. M. (2013). Design and implementation of e-laboratory for information security training. Paper presented at the 2013 fourth international conference on e-Learning “Best practices in management, design and development of e-Courses: Standards of excellence and creativity”.
Basha, A. D., Umar, I. N., & Abbas, M. (2013). A Sight on the use of ICT resources for e-learning in the Iraqi higher education institutions (IHEI): A Framework for the use of ICT in e-learning. Paper presented at the 2013 4th international conference on intelligent systems, modelling and simulation.
Beckett, G., & Mohammad, H. A.-Q. (2014). Reflections on the University of Cincinnati and Salahaddin University linkage work. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(2014), 4372–4374.
BuddeComm. (2016). Iraq – telecoms, mobile, broadband and digital media – Statistics and analyses – Executive summary. Australia. Retrieved from https://www.budde.com.au/
CIA. (2016). CIA world factbook – “Iraq”. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency of the United States.
Damin, R. M., Kadry, M. A., & Hamed, E. M. (2014). An investigation into the use of the education management information system (EMIS) in Iraq: Case study. In 2014 International Conference on Engineering and technology (ICET) (pp. 1–6). Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7016792
Elameer, A. S., & Idrus, R. M. (2010a). Adoption e-learning framework for the University of Mustansiriyah (UoMust) in Iraq. The Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology, 10(1), 31–41.
Elameer, A. S., & Idrus, R. M. (2010b). The readiness for an e- learning system in the University of Mustansiriyah (UoMust) Baghdad-Iraq. The Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 31–41.
Elameer, A. S., & Idrus, R. M. (2011). National e-learning strategy to enhance and enrich the Iraqi universities. US-China Education Review, A(4), 481–496.
Elameer, A. S., Idrus, R. M., & Alhadithi, A. (2011). Orbital e-education framework for the University of Mustansiriyah (UoMust). Retrieved from www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Penang/EDU/EDU-06.pdf
Ghareb, M. I., & Mohammed, S. A. (2016). The effect of e-learning and the role of new technology at university of human development. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 4, 299–307.
Harif, A., Karrar, A., & AlKadhem, N. (2016). Modernizing higher education: Integrating technology. Paper presented at the Iraq Higher Education Conference, Baghdad.
Iraq-Education Overview. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/iraq/izedov.htm
Kadhim, T. A. (2015). Gauge the readiness of transformation to smart schools for Iraqi schools. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 6(9), 47–57.
Kamil, W. A., Fadahl, Z. A., Shukur, B. S., Al khafaji, N. J., & Azeez, N. M. H. (2014). Mobile school: Face-to-face learning interface for Iraqi students in Malaysia. In 2014 Fourth international conference on digital information and communication technology and its applications (DICTAP) (pp. 132–137). Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6821670
Kazem, B. I., & Jasim, M. A. K. (2010). E-learning technology and their applications in Training educational programs: Experience of the development and continuing education center (DCEC) – University of Baghdad (UoB). Paper presented at The Role of E-Learning in Supporting Knowledge Communities Conference (ECONF3), Bahrain 2010.
Kennedy, H., Blake, G., Woods, J. E., Khadduri, M., & Chambers, R. L. (2016). Iraq. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..
Khazaal, H. F., Abbas, R. A., Abdulridha, B. M., Karam, M., & Aglan, H. (2014). E-learning and instructional management system based on local computer networks and internet. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 11(3), 115–133.
Khmiss, N. N., & Abir, Z. S. (2009). Building of reliable e-learning management system for Iraqi University campus. International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology, 1(2), 65–72.
Mahlknecht, G. (2016). Greg’s cable map – Cable list. Retrieved from http://www.cablemap.info/
Matar, N., Hunaiti, Z., Halling, S., & Matar, S. (2010). E-learning acceptance and challenges in the Arab Region. In S. Abdallah & F. Albadri (Eds.), ICT acceptance, investment and organization: Cultural practices and values in the Arab world (pp. 184–200). Hershey: Information Science Reference.
Mohain, A. R., Hassan, M., Alhadithi, M. L., & Mohan, N. R. (2014). E-learning prototype for secondary school: A case study of Iraq. Advances in Computing, 4(1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ac.20140401.05
Mohammed, M. A., Aboobaider, B. M., Ibrahim, H., Abdullah, H. A., Ali, M. H., Jaber, M. M., & Shawkat, A. (2016). E-government and its challenges in developing countries: Case study Iraqi e-government. The. Social Sciences, 11(7), 4310–4319.
Mohammed, M. A., Hasson, A. R., Shawkat, A. R., & Al-khafaji, N. J. (2012). E-government architecture uses data warehouse techniques to increase information sharing in Iraqi universities. Paper presented at the 2012 IEEE symposium on E-Learning, E-Management and E-Services.
Moodle. (2017). Registered Moodle sites. Retrieved from https://moodle.net/sites/index.php?country=IQ
Parliament of Iraq. (2011). Ministry of Education Bill-Iraq, 22 year 2011.
Pfanner, E. (2012). Iraq emerges from isolation as telecommunications hub. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/technology/iraq-emerges-from-isolation-as-telecommunications-hub.html
Salah, R. M., Alves, G. R., & Guerreiro, P. (2014). Reshaping higher education systems in the MENA region: The contribution of remote and virtual labs. In 11th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV) (240–245). Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Shah, A. (2005). Effects of Iraq sanctions. Global issues. Retrieved from www.globalissues.org
Shaker, M. M., Khidhir, A. M. & Al-Rizzo, A.Y. (2017). Design and implementation of a virtual university prototype technology requirements and evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net
Soliman, S. A., & Waziry, A. A. M. (2017). A Program to develop the students’ awareness of e-learning and its applications in English in the foundation program of Dhofar University. Arab World English Journal, 8(2), 101–118.
Sufyan, T., Al-Janabi, F., & Anderson, D. (2011). Reforming the higher education system in Iraq: Internationalization vis decentralization. imanager’s. Journal of Educational Technology, 8(3), 1–14.
Thabit, T. H., & Harjan, S. A. (2015). Evaluate e-learning in Iraq applying on Avicenna center in Erbil. European Scientific Journal, 2, 122–135.
Tilfarlioglu, F. Y. (2011). An international dimension of the student's attitudes towards the use of English in web 2.0 technology. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 10(3), 63–68.
UNDP. (2015). Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
UNESCO. (2011a). UNESCO country programming document for the Republic of Iraq 2011–2014. Amman: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Iraq Office.
UNESCO. (2011b). World data on education-Iraq-2010/11 (7th ed.). Geneva: UNESCO-IBE.
World Bank Group (UTI). (2016). The little data book on information and communication technology 2015. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alnuaimi, A.S. (2018). Iraq. In: Weber, A., Hamlaoui, S. (eds) E-Learning in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68999-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68999-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68998-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68999-9
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)