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Basic of 3D Echocardiography; Clinical Use in Daily Practice

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Abstract

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) represents a major innovation and revolution in the field of cardiovascular ultrasound. Advances in computer and transducer technologies has permitted real-time 3DE acquisition and presentations of cardiac structures from any spatial point of view. 3D transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) creates a “common language” between echo cardiologist, cardiac surgeon, and cardiac interventionist in the operating room and cath lab for appropriate decision-making. In this chapter, technical background and modes of image acquisition are extensively reviewed. Introduction of xMATRIX technology has enabled utilization of more than 3000 fully sampled elements for 360º focusing and steering. With this powerful technology built in echo probes, any plane of the heart can be imaged. Further advancements in computer technology in speedy processing of the acquired data has resulted in creating images with high temporal and spatial resolutions in a single-beat acquisition format. Nowadays 3DE is becoming part of the routine echocardiography modality. Its role in diagnosis and management of valvular heart disease, cardiac chamber quantification, cardiac masses, and congenital heart disease are discussed in this chapter. The emerging and unique role of 3D TEE in guiding surgical and percutaneous interventions are of importance and will be discussed as well. 3DE is a new modality and like any other new techniques has its own limitations and pitfalls. Low spatial and temporal resolutions, motion and stitch artifacts, and lack of direct 3D measurements are the major limitations. Further technical improvements will heighten its role as the first cardiac imaging modality in our daily practice.

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Abbreviations

3DE:

Three-dimensional echocardiography

2D:

Two-dimensional

ALC:

Anterolateral commissure

AoV:

Aortic valve

ASE:

American society of echocardiography

CHD:

Congenital heart disease

CS:

Coronary sinus

EACVI:

European association of cardiovascular imaging

fps:

Frame per second

HVR:

High volume rate

IAS:

Interatrial septum

IVC:

Inferior vena cava

LA:

Left atrium

LAA:

Left atrial appendage

LAPV:

Left upper pulmonary vein

LCC :

Left coronary cusp

LUPV:

Left upper pulmonary vein

LV:

Left ventricle

LVOT:

Left ventricular outflow tract

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MPA:

Main pulmonary artery

MPR:

Multiplanar reconstruction

MR:

Mitral regurgitation

MS:

Mitral stenosis

MV:

Mitral valve

MVA:

Mitral valve area

NCC:

Non-coronary cusp

PISA:

Proximal isovelocity surface area

PMC:

Posteromedial commissure

PR:

Pulmonary regurgitation

PV:

Pulmonic valve

PVR:

Pulmonic valve replacement

RA:

Right atrium

RAA:

Right atrial appendage

RCC:

Right coronary cusp

RV:

Right ventricle

RVOT:

Right ventricular outflow tract

TAVI:

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

TEE:

Transesophageal echocardiography

TR:

Tricuspid regurgitation

TS:

Tricuspid stenosis

TTE:

Transthoracic echocardiography

TV:

Tricuspid valve

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmad S. Omran MD, FACC, FESC, FASE

Authors
  1. Ahmad S. Omran MD, FACC, FESC, FASE
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Echocardiography Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Anita Sadeghpour

  2. Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Echocardiography Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Azin Alizadehasl

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Omran, A.S. (2018). Basic of 3D Echocardiography; Clinical Use in Daily Practice. In: Sadeghpour, A., Alizadehasl, A. (eds) Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3_5

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67689-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67691-3

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