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Climate Change Law

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Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union

Abstract

Climate change is a global issue of common concern to the international community. Climate change concerning agriculture has especially a significant impact on global food security, but also the measures that have been taken in the context of climate change in the agricultural sector can come into conflict with food security. In recent years, with the increasing of global warming, drought, floods, reduction of agricultural land and salt-water intrusion the impact of climate change is becoming increasingly apparent. The latest research in Nature Climate Change in British reports that climate change is likely to result in losses of $2.5 trillion to global financial assets. To reduce the threat of climate change on food security, FAO proposed strategies on the one hand to improve the ability of agriculture to adapt to climate change and on the other to reduce the negative impact on global warming.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The IPCC defines climate change as “A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use”, see https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX-Annex_Glossary.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2017.

  2. 2.

    Liu (2016). http://news.china.com.cn/live/2016-04/07/content_35770140.htm. Accessed 1 May 2016.

  3. 3.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

  4. 4.

    See FAO (2010) accessible on the Internet under http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1881e/i1881e00.pdf. Accessed 20 January 2017; FAO (2011) accessible on the Internet under http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2316e/i2316e00.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2017.

  5. 5.

    Smith et al. (2007), pp. 501, 503.

  6. 6.

    Commission of the European Communities COM SEC (2009) 1093 final, p. 7.

  7. 7.

    Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 52.

  8. 8.

    This Convention was ratified by Chinese government in November 1992 and took effect from 21 March 1994.

  9. 9.

    Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992, c.f. Bail (1998), p. 457; Dolzer (1995), p. 957; Hohmann (1993), pp. 311, 314 ff.; Ruffert (1993), p. 208; Schuppert (1998), p. 173 ff.

  10. 10.

    See Epiney and Scheyli (1998), p. 65 ff.

  11. 11.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, 31 March 2006 http://world.people.com.cn/GB/8212/60991/60996/4260213.html. Accessed 16 August 2015; Dong and Li (2010), p. 14; Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 53 ff.

  12. 12.

    So far, the “Kyoto Protocol” is the only global emissions reduction agreement with legally binding instrument. China signed the “Kyoto Protocol” in 1998 and approved the protocol in 2002.

  13. 13.

    Xinhua (2005). http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2005-02/16/content_2581781_6.htm. Accessed 16 August 2015.

  14. 14.

    For the Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms see Kreuter-Kirchhof (2005), pp. 1552, 1553 ff.; Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 77.

  15. 15.

    Erbguth and Schlacke (2014), § 16 recital 7.

  16. 16.

    Beyond that mechanisms of “Joint Implementation” (Article 6 KP) and “Clean Development Mechanism” (Article 12 KP) can be found, see Winter (2009), p. 290 ff.; Prall and Ewer (2014), § 9 recital 18.

  17. 17.

    Oberthür and Marr (2002), p. 81; Holtwisch (2006).

  18. 18.

    See WBGU (2009), p. 12 f.; Ziehm (2010), p. 411.

  19. 19.

    Oschmann and Rostankowski (2010), pp. 59, 61; Richter (2014), § 15, pp. 359, 386.

  20. 20.

    In order to promote the implementation of Copenhagen Accord, China, first by way of binding targets to announce at State Council executive meeting on November 25, 2009, that Chinese carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 2020 dropped 40–45% below 2005 levels. Emission reduction targets proposed by China is not only independent, but also to strive to achieve or exceed this target, this target completely demonstrate the Chinese courage and attitude to relief the climate change even in the challenge of economic development and improving people’s livelihood, which was significant contribution to Copenhagen summit.

  21. 21.

    Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010, 15 March 2011. http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/archiver/cdmcn/UpFile/Files/ccer/CP16E.pdf. Accessed 16 August 2015.

  22. 22.

    C.f. www.unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017; Report of the Conference of the Parties on its eighteenth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012, Doha, 28 February 2013. http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/archiver/cdmcn/UpFile/Files/ccer/CP18E.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2015; Schlacke (2012), p. 69; Schmidt et al. (2014), § 6 recital 20.

  23. 23.

    http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017; see in detail about the agreement Ekardt (2016), p. 355; Morgenstern and Dehnen (2016), p. 131; Böhringer (2016), p. 753.

  24. 24.

    UN-Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9, no. 17, p. 3.

  25. 25.

    UN-Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9; Bauchmüller (2015); Bojanowski (2015).

  26. 26.

    UN-Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9; Bauchmüller (2015); Bojanowski (2015).

  27. 27.

    Xi (2015). http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2015-12/01/content_37207254.htm. Accessed 1 December 2015.

  28. 28.

    https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/us-china-joint-presidential-statement-climate-change. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  29. 29.

    See about the agreement https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/us-china-joint-presidential-statement-climate-change. Accessed 22 February 2017; http://en.ccchina.gov.cn/archiver/ccchinaen/UpFile/Files/Default/20150928153720374768.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  30. 30.

    See http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2015/06/29/. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  31. 31.

    https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/cooperation/china_en. Accessed 22 February 2017; see in detail https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/international/cooperation/china/docs/joint_declaration_ch_eu_en.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  32. 32.

    Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (2009). http://www.ivl.se/download/18.7e136029152c7d48c204a0/1456405249113/C176.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  33. 33.

    Joint Statement on Dialogue and Cooperation on Climate Change, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/international/cooperation/china/docs/joint_statement_dialogue_en.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  34. 34.

    https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/cooperation/china_en. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  35. 35.

    See in the following Umweltbundesamt (2005), p. 14 ff.

  36. 36.

    See in the following Umweltbundesamt (2005), p. 35 ff.

  37. 37.

    Deutscher Wetterdienst https://www.dwd.de/SharedDocs/broschueren/DE/presse/Klima_unter_der_Lupe_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=7. Accessed 5 February 2017.

  38. 38.

    Challinor et al. (2014), p. 287.

  39. 39.

    See WWF (2014), p. 2. https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-Faktenblatt-Landwirtschaft-Klimawandel.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  40. 40.

    Wechsung et al. (2008).

  41. 41.

    Umweltbundesamt (2005), p. 73.

  42. 42.

    See WWF (2014), p. 1. https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-Faktenblatt-Landwirtschaft-Klimawandel.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.

  43. 43.

    Bundesregierung (2016), p. 63.

  44. 44.

    Commission of the European Communities COM (88) 656/2 final.

  45. 45.

    The text of the Kyoto Protocol in German language is accessible under http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpger.pdf. Accessed 14 February 2015. The EC (today: EU) and the member states have signed the Kyoto Protocol together (“mixed agreement”); Erbguth and Schlacke (2014), § 16 recital 9; Prall and Ewer (2014), § 9 recital 17.

  46. 46.

    Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—Protocols—Annexes—Declarations annexed to the Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007—Tables of equivalences, OJ C 326 26/10/2012 P. 0001–0390.

  47. 47.

    Regarding delimitation of energy and environmental competence see Ludwigs (2010), p. 222; Nettesheim (2010), pp. 19, 23 f.; Frenz and Kane (2010), p. 464.

  48. 48.

    Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC [2003] OJ L 275/32.

  49. 49.

    For emission trading law and its evolution see Reuter and Busch (2004), p. 39; Winter (2009), p. 289.

  50. 50.

    By Directive 2008/101/EG of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community [2009] OJ L 8/3 air traffic was included in the system, see Wegener (2009), pp. 283, 285 f.; Pegatzky and Nixdorf (2009), p. 1395; Frenz and Wimmers (2014), § 22 pp. 511, 515 ff.

  51. 51.

    Commission of the European Communities COM (2007) 2 final; Commission of the European Communities COM (2008) 30 final; see also Härtel (2014), § 1 pp. 13, 27 f.; Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 140.

  52. 52.

    This was preceded by a packet of proposals of the European Commission for EU-energy and climate policy 2030, European Commission COM (2014) 15 final.

  53. 53.

    See Falke (2014), p. 249.

  54. 54.

    This goal applies for the EU as a whole and in this area no national goals are stipulated.

  55. 55.

    See Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 140; Schmidt et al. (2014), § 6 recital 7; Gärditz (2008), p. 324; Koch (2011), pp. 641, 642.

  56. 56.

    Commission of the European Communities COM (2007) 354 final.

  57. 57.

    Commission of the European Communities COM (2009) 147 final.

  58. 58.

    See Eckpunkte für ein integriertes Energie- und Klimaprogramm, http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/bmu-import/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/klimapaket_aug2007.pdf. Accessed 06 March 2014.

  59. 59.

    Koch (2011), p. 641.

  60. 60.

    Bundesregierung (2010), pp. 4, 18 ff.; cf on this Schütte and Winkler (2010), p. 607; Becker (2010), p. 531.

  61. 61.

    See materials for energy turnaround under http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/energiewende.html. Accessed 14 February 2015; cf. also Härtel (2012b), pp. 27, 28 f.; Heselhaus (2013), p. 137; Hofmann (2014), p. 349; Attendorn (2012), p. 1569.

  62. 62.

    Erbguth and Schlacke (2014), § 16 recital 30.

  63. 63.

    http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/bmu-import/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/das_gesamt_bf.pdf. Accessed 06 March 2017.

  64. 64.

    See for example Arbeitsgruppe Sachsen-Anhalt Klimawandel (2010), accessible on the Internet http://www.mlu.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Politik_und_Verwaltung/MLU/MLU/a-Themen/Klima_Energie/Klimawandel/Klimawandel/LSA_Anpassungsstrategie_2010_04_14.pdf. Accessed 05 February 2017.

  65. 65.

    Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 12.

  66. 66.

    Kloepfer (2016), § 17 recital 139.

  67. 67.

    See about the emission trading system Hardach (2016) part 5 recital 3 ff.; Zenke and Vollmer (2016), recital 1 ff.; Frenz (2006), p. 393.

  68. 68.

    Federal Building Code of 23 September 2004 (BGBl. I p. 2414), last amended by Article 6 of the Act of 29 May 2017 (BGBl. I p. 1298).

  69. 69.

    Spatial Planning Law of 22 December 2008 (BGBl. I p. 2986), last amended by Article 5 sentence 2 of the Act of 23 May 2017 (BGBl. I p. 1245).

  70. 70.

    German Renewable Energy Act of 21 July 2014 (BGBl. I p. 1066), last amended by Article 24 para. 29 of the Act of 23 June 2017 (BGBl. I p. 1693).

  71. 71.

    Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector of 7 August 2008 (BGBl. I p. 1658), last amended by Article 9 of the Act of 20 October 2015 (BGBl. I p. 1722).

  72. 72.

    See Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hamburg, Bremen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden-Württemberg und Berlin.

  73. 73.

    See Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (2015), p. 11 ff. http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/nki_broschuere_bf.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2017.

  74. 74.

    Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks [2007] OJ L 288/27, entered into force on 26 November 2007.

  75. 75.

    Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) [2008] OJ L 164/19.

  76. 76.

    Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment [1985] OJ L 175/40.

  77. 77.

    Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment [2001] OJ L 197/30.

  78. 78.

    Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy [2000] OJ L 327/1.

  79. 79.

    On 2 June 2017, the Federal Council passed the Flood Control Law II. Important regulations have been adopted in response to the severe flooding of the recent years. Areas with particular risks can now be identified. The law accompanies the national flood protection program of the federal state and the state governments, see https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Artikel/2016/11/2016-11-02-hochwasserschutz.html. Accessed 03 July 2017.

  80. 80.

    Water Resources Law of 31 July 2009 (BGBl. I p. 2585), last amended by Article 122 of the Act of 29 March 2017 (BGBl. I p. 626).

  81. 81.

    See Härtel (2012a), § 31 recital 3.

  82. 82.

    https://www.topagrar.com/news/Home-top-News-Deutschland-zweitgroesster-Agrarproduzent-in-der-EU-2646225.html. Accessed 06 March 2017.

  83. 83.

    www.brandenburg.de. Accessed 27 February 2017.

  84. 84.

    In June 2013 800 farmers in “Sachsen-Anhalt” have practically lost their entire harvest by the flood. Almost 100.00 hectares of arable and grassland were flooded in Sachsen-Anhalt. Total damage: 120 million euros. In spring 2014 the farmers still felt the consequences of the flood.

  85. 85.

    http://www.bmub.bund.de/themen/klima-energie/klimaschutz/nationale-klimapolitik/klimapolitik-der-bundesregierung/. Accessed 27 February 2017.

  86. 86.

    Ekardt (2012), ch 12 recital 43; Pachauri and Reisinger (2007), p. 37.

  87. 87.

    Ekardt (2012), ch 12 recital 43.

  88. 88.

    From feeding and digestion of livestock and fertiliser management.

  89. 89.

    http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/topics/economy-products-resources-tourism/products-and-environment/product-carbon-footprint/. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  90. 90.

    See Härtel (2012c), ch 15 recital 1 ff.; Härtel (2012a), § 31 recital 3.

  91. 91.

    A bio-gas plant is used to produce bio-gas through the fermentation of bio-mass. In agricultural bio-gas plants, animal excrements (slurry, solid manure) and energy crops are usually employed as a substrate. In most of the bio-gas plants, the gas developed is used to generate electricity and heat. The substrate usually consists of easily-degradable bio-mass such as manure, energy crops (especially maize, cereals and grass silage), agricultural by-products or organic waste. The cultivation of renewable raw materials for bio-gas use in Germany increased from 400,000 ha in 2007 to 530,000 ha in 2009. In 2009, 4671 bio-gas plants were in operation, producing a total of approximately 11% of electricity from renewable energy sources. The German Bio-gas Association states that there were 7515 existing systems at the end of 2012. Nearly two-thirds of the total final energy from renewable energy sources was provided by various energetically used bio-masses in 2014.

  92. 92.

    http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Broschueren/EEG-Novelle2014.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  93. 93.

    Kommer (2016).

  94. 94.

    European Commission COM (2011) 112 final.

  95. 95.

    Bundesregierung (2010), pp. 4, 18 ff. cf hierzu auch Becker (2010), p. 531.

  96. 96.

    Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (2014). http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Aktionsprogramm_Klimaschutz/aktionsprogramm_klimaschutz_2020_broschuere_bf.pdf. Accessed 02 June 2016.

  97. 97.

    Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (2014), p. 59 ff. http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Aktionsprogramm_Klimaschutz/aktionsprogramm_klimaschutz_2020_broschuere_bf.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  98. 98.

    Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (2014), p. 22. http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Aktionsprogramm_Klimaschutz/aktionsprogramm_klimaschutz_2020_broschuere_bf.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  99. 99.

    http://www.bmub.bund.de/themen/klima-energie/klimaschutz/nationale-klimapolitik/klimaschutzplan-2050/. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  100. 100.

    Bundesregierung (2016), p. 65.

  101. 101.

    See e.g. Landwirtschaftskammer NRW http://www.landwirtschaftskammer.de/landwirtschaft/klima/index.htm. Accessed 28 February 2017; Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen http://www.lwk-niedersachsen.de/index.cfm/portal/betriebumwelt/nav/198.html. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  102. 102.

    http://www.stop-climate-change.de/zertifizierungsablauf/zertifizierung/. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  103. 103.

    C.f. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC [2009] OJ L 140/16, art 17–19; Ekardt et al. (2009), pp. 222, 226.

  104. 104.

    http://www.iscc-system.org/. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  105. 105.

    http://www.pcu-deutschland.de/en/redcert. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  106. 106.

    http://unfccc.int/land_use_and_climate_change/lulucf/items/3060.php. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  107. 107.

    http://www.paluka.de/fileadmin/paluka/pdf/biogasrenex.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  108. 108.

    Bundesregierung (2011), p. 32; Dieckmann (2012), p. 989.

  109. 109.

    Friedrich (2007), p. 211.

  110. 110.

    See about the process in detail Much (2007), p. 130.

  111. 111.

    http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/wasser/gewaesser/grundwasser/nutzung-belastungen/carbon-capture-storage. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  112. 112.

    C.f. on risks Bosecke (2012), pp. 127, 130.

  113. 113.

    Metz et al. (2005), p. 1 ff. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.

  114. 114.

    Leakage in the sense of § 3 s. 1 no. 10 KSpG means: emission of carbon dioxide or minor components of carbon dioxide streams from the storage complex; Dieckmann (2012), pp. 989, 995.

  115. 115.

    See https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/wasser/gewaesser/grundwasser/nutzung-belastungen/carbon-capture-storage#textpart-1. Accessed 1 March 2017.

  116. 116.

    Greb (2014), § 23, pp. 532, 541.

  117. 117.

    http://www.moz.de/artikel-ansicht/dg/0/1/251619. Accessed 1 March 2017; http://ccs-protest.de/presse.html. Accessed 1 March 2017; Dieckmann (2012), pp. 989, 995.

  118. 118.

    Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) 1013/2006 [2009] OJ L 140/114.

  119. 119.

    von Landmann and Rohmer (2016), recital 2.

  120. 120.

    von Landmann and Rohmer (2016), recital 2.

  121. 121.

    Carbon Storage Law (KSpG) of 17 August 2012 (BGBl. I p. 1726), as amended by article 116 of Verordnung of 31 August 2015 (BGBl. I p. 1474).

  122. 122.

    Greb (2014), § 23, pp. 532, 561 f.

  123. 123.

    Questionable in this context is, how far this opt-out-possibility can actually go and whether a state can thus actually keep its whole territory free, c.f. on this Greb (2014), § 23, pp. 532, 563 ff.; Dieckmann (2012), pp. 989, 995.

  124. 124.

    See in the following Queisner (2014), p. 336.

  125. 125.

    Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020 [2009] OJ L 140/136.

  126. 126.

    Commission of the European Communities COM SEC (2009) 1093 final, p. 17; against inclusion: SRU (2008), recital 193. http://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/01_Umweltgutachten/2008_Umweltgutachten_BTD.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 01 March 2017; NABU (2010), p. 18. https://www.nabu.de/imperia/md/content/nabude/landwirtschaft/klimaschutz-landwirtschaft-web.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017; Rodi (2009), pp. 189, 195; Osterburg et al. (2009), p. 3. http://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/bitv/dk041942.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017; Isermeyer (2009), p. 60. http://literatur.vti.bund.de/digbib_extern/zi044100.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017; DBV (2010b). http://www.bayerischerbauernverband.de/landwirtschaft-beitrag-klimaschutz-steigern?suchbegriff2=. Accessed 01 March 2017; DBV (2010a), p. 14. http://media.repro-mayr.de/45/131645.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  127. 127.

    See von Witzke and Noleppa (2007), pp. 39 f., 49. http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Methan_und_Lachgas_-_Langfassung.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017; Ekardt (2010), pp. 230, 232; for inclusion at national level: Schrader (2009), pp. 747, 752; for a closer examination: Umweltbundesamt (2013), p. 26 ff. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaschutz-emissionshandel-in-landwirtschaft. Accessed 01 March 2017; Möckel (2012), p. 408, 415; leaving open yet: Czybulka (2008), pp. 109, 121.

  128. 128.

    http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaschutz-emissionshandel-in-landwirtschaft. Accessed 14 August 2014.

  129. 129.

    See Böcker and Finger (2016), p. 378.

  130. 130.

    See for example Meltzer (2014). http://www.felj.org/sites/default/files/docs/elj351/14-45-Meltzer_Final%205.13.14.pdf. Accessed 05 February 2017.

  131. 131.

    See about the history of the CAP http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-history_en. Accessed 05 February 2017.

  132. 132.

    See in detail https://www.bmel.de/EN/Agriculture/EU-AgriculturalPolicy/_Texte/GAP-Reform-Entwicklung.html. Accessed 05 February 2017.

  133. 133.

    See about Cross Compliance https://www.bmel.de/DE/Landwirtschaft/Foerderung-Agrarsozialpolitik/_Texte/Cross-Compliance.html. Accessed 02 January 2017.

  134. 134.

    Council Regulation (EC) 73/2009 of 19 January 2009 establishing common rules for direct support schemes for farmers under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1290/2005, (EC) No 247/2006, (EC) No 378/2007 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 [2009] OJ L 30/16.

  135. 135.

    Commission Regulation (EC) 1122/2009 of 30 November 2009 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 73/2009 as regards cross-compliance, modulation and the integrated administration and control system, under the direct support schemes for farmers provided for that Regulation, as well as for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 1234/2007 as regards cross-compliance under the support scheme provided for the wine sector [2009] OJ L 316/65.

  136. 136.

    http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/glossary/good-agricultural-and-environmental-condition_en_de. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  137. 137.

    Council Regulation (EC) 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) [2005] OJ L 277/1.

  138. 138.

    http://www.bmel.de/EN/Agriculture/Support-AgriculturalSocialPolicy/_Texte/GAK.html. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  139. 139.

    See about https://www.bmel.de/EN/RuralAreas/_Texte/ELER-2014-2020.html. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  140. 140.

    https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/measures_en. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  141. 141.

    The current programming period (2014–2020).

  142. 142.

    http://enrd.ec.europa.eu/leader-clld_en. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  143. 143.

    See in detail about this period for example https://www.netzwerk-laendlicher-raum.de/leader/leader-2014-2020/. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  144. 144.

    https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/leader-clld_en. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  145. 145.

    Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (2016), p. 30 f. https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Broschueren/Landwirtschaft-verstehen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  146. 146.

    See Thomas (2014), p. 1139; Wustlich (2014), p. 1113.

  147. 147.

    Wustlich (2014), pp. 1113, 1118.

  148. 148.

    Wustlich (2014), pp. 1113, 1118.

  149. 149.

    Kreuter-Kirchhof (2015), pp. 1480, 1481 f.; see in detail about this Lehnert et al. (2015), p. 201.

  150. 150.

    Likewise small liquid manure based biogas plants (up to 75 kW) and bio-waste fermentation plants as special promotion facts are still subjected to separate support.

  151. 151.

    https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Standardartikel/EEG/eeg-2017.html. Accessed 03 July 2017.

  152. 152.

    http://www.bauernverband.de/klimaschutz-landwirtschaft. Accessed 02 February 2017.

  153. 153.

    Wang (2010). http://www.weather.com.cn/climate/qhbhyw/09/1013643.shtml. Accessed 1 May 2016.

  154. 154.

    Lan and Li (2015), A1.

  155. 155.

    The Agriculture Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Land Management Law and other comprehensive agricultural legislation, the Forest Act, Wildlife Act, anti-desertification law, the Soil and Water Conservation Act and other forest and ecosystem protection law, water law and other water resource protection law, the Popularization of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural mechanization, Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Act and other laws, the Electricity Law, Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law and other energy Acts, the Clean Production Promotion Law, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of the Circular Economy and other industrial law.

  156. 156.

    See for this http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/7846.php. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  157. 157.

    Revised in 2009, 2014 and 2015.

  158. 158.

    See http://climatepolicydatabase.org/index.php?title=National_Plan_For_Tackling_Climate_Change_2014-2020_China_2014. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  159. 159.

    National Climate Change Plan (2014–2020) 2014.

  160. 160.

    http://www.most.gov.cn/eng/pressroom/200706/t20070613_50394.htm. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  161. 161.

    http://en.ccchina.gov.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=38888&TId=131. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  162. 162.

    Seven projects will be put into because of climate conference in Paris to promote carbon capture or commercialization (Beijing, 11 December 2015) http://news.cnstock.com/industry/sid_cyqb/201512/3650363.htm. Accessed 1 June 2016.

  163. 163.

    Zhang (2011), p. 2.

  164. 164.

    Second National Communication on Climate Change of The People’s Republic of China 2013 (2013), p. 115.

  165. 165.

    The Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014–2020) (2014).

  166. 166.

    The Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014–2020) (2014).

  167. 167.

    National Development and Reform Commission (2012).

  168. 168.

    Provisions of Carbon Emissions Management of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone 2012.

  169. 169.

    Article 22 of Rural energy regulations of Gansu province “The provincial development and reform department together with the provincial agricultural administrative departments establish rural greenhouse gas emissions management system, provincial energy saving management agency is in charge of carbon emissions trading in rural energy”.

  170. 170.

    China’s National Climate Change Programme 2007.

  171. 171.

    https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX-Annex_Glossary.pdf. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  172. 172.

    http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zxfb/201505/t20150527_4620018.htm. Accessed 01 March 2017; http://www.chinaagtradefair.com/agriculturaldevelpingplan.html. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  173. 173.

    See about this Wenhua et al. (2011), pp. 1, 2.

  174. 174.

    http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/china/inst.htm. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  175. 175.

    http://chinawaterrisk.org/research-reports/national-sustainable-agriculture-development-plan-2015-2030/. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  176. 176.

    Deng and Shangguan (2016). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301580574_Afforestation_drives_soil_carbon_and_nitrogen_changes_in_China_Soil_C-N_dynamics_following_afforestation. Accessed 24 March 2017.

  177. 177.

    http://www.most.gov.cn/eng/pressroom/200706/t20070613_50394.htm. Accessed 01 March 2017.

  178. 178.

    Seven projects will be put into because of climate conference in Paris to promote carbon capture or commercialization (Beijing, 11 December 2015) http://news.cnstock.com/industry/sid_cyqb/201512/3650363.htm. Accessed 1 June 2016.

  179. 179.

    Zhang (2011), p. 2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Chair of Public Law, Administrative, European, Environmental, Agricultural and Food Law, Faculty of Law, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

    Christina Flaskühler

  2. China Agricultural University, Department of Law, Beijing, China

    Yumei Li

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  1. Christina Flaskühler
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  2. Yumei Li
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Correspondence to Christina Flaskühler .

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  1. Faculty of Law, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

    Ines Härtel

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Flaskühler, C., Li, Y. (2018). Climate Change Law. In: Härtel, I. (eds) Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_8

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