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Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers

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Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union

Abstract

Plant protection products (often used synonymously with pesticides) and fertilisers play a significant role in agriculture as they help to secure and increase yields and thus safeguard the production of food. Thus the international trade in hazardous substances has increased regarding the economic uses of chemicals, pesticides and nuclear materials. On the other hand, these inputs can be a danger to human health and the environment due to the fact that they may contain hazardous chemicals or may be “subject to counterfeiting or other fraudulent practices”. Scientists admit that the impact of many chemicals on broader ecosystems is still not understood due to limited scientific knowledge about the toxicity of several hazardous substances.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Pesticides in EU terminology are subdivided into non-agricultural (biocides) and agricultural (pesticides), Krämer (2011), p. 230. The term includes inter alia: fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, rodenticides, growth regulators, repellents, rodenticides, Heitefuss (2000), pp. 136 ff.

  2. 2.

    Beyerlin and Marauhn (2011), p. 214.

  3. 3.

    Shorette (2012), p. 301.

  4. 4.

    Montanari and Varallo (2015), p. 52.

  5. 5.

    Köhler and Triebskorn (2013), p. 759.

  6. 6.

    FAO (2013), p. 48.

  7. 7.

    FAO (2013), p. 49.

  8. 8.

    E.g. WHO (2012).

  9. 9.

    Shorette (2012), p. 302.

  10. 10.

    FAO and WHO (2014).

  11. 11.

    See http://www.bvl.bund.de/EN/04_PlantProtectionProducts/03_Applicants/13_LegalRegulations/03_InternationalAgreements/01_CodeOfConduct/ppp_intern_agreements_CoC_En_node.html. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  12. 12.

    FAO and WHO (2014), art 1.1.

  13. 13.

    Technical guidelines provide further guidance on the implementation of the Code of Conduct and address for example the following topics: Guidelines for the Registration of Pesticides (2010), Guidelines for quality control of pesticides (2001), Revised Guidelines on good labelling practice for pesticides (2015). http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/code/list-guide-new/en/. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  14. 14.

    International Plant Protection Convention, New Revised Text approved by the FAO Conference at its 29th Session—November 1997.

  15. 15.

    International Plant Protection Convention, New Revised Text approved by the FAO Conference at its 29th Session—November 1997, art 1.

  16. 16.

    Gillespie (2011), p. 283.

  17. 17.

    Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, adopted by the Conference of the Plenipotentiaries on 10 September 1998, revised in 2013. In the European Union the Rotterdam Convention is implemented by Regulation (EU) 649/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 concerning the export and import of hazardous chemicals [2012] OJ L 201/60.

  18. 18.

    Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22 May 2001, entry into force 17 May 2004.

  19. 19.

    Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, adopted on 22 March 1989, entry into force 5 May 1992.

  20. 20.

    Beyerlin and Marauhn (2011), p. 215 ff.

  21. 21.

    http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/committees/committee-detail/en/?committee=CCPR. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  22. 22.

    Protocol for the Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollution from Land-Based Sources from 21 February 1990, entry into force 1 February 1993.

  23. 23.

    https://www.ecolex.org/result/?q=&type=treaty&xkeywords=fertilizers%2Fnutrients&xdate_min=&xdate_max=. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  24. 24.

    http://www.bund.net/themen_und_projekte/chemie/pestizide/. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  25. 25.

    https://www.nabu.de/natur-und-landschaft/landnutzung/landwirtschaft/pestizide/. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  26. 26.

    Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (2015a). http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/meld_par_19_2014.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  27. 27.

    Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (2014). http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/meld_par_19_2013.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  28. 28.

    Möckel et al. (2015b), figure 1. http://www.bioland.de/fileadmin/dateien/HP_Dokumente/15-10-05_MELUR_SH_-Gutachten_PSM_Anlage.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  29. 29.

    See Verordnung über die Prüfung und Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln vom 4. März 1969, BGBl. Nr. 19 vom 07.03.1969.

  30. 30.

    Metzger (2014), Vorbemerkung recital 5.

  31. 31.

    Commission of the European Communities COM (76) 427 final, p. 3.

  32. 32.

    Böttcher (2003), § 62 recital 7.

  33. 33.

    Krämer and Winter (2015), § 26 recital 297.

  34. 34.

    Council Directive of 21 December 1978 prohibiting the placing on the market and use of plant protection products containing certain active substances (79/117/EEC) [1978] OJ L 33/36.

  35. 35.

    The Single European Act. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=URISERV:xy0027&from=EN. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  36. 36.

    Krämer and Winter (2015), § 26 recital 295.

  37. 37.

    Council Directive of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market (91/414/EEC) [1991] OJ L 230/1.

  38. 38.

    Mereu (2011), p. 553.

  39. 39.

    Garçon (2015), p. 1001 recital 2.

  40. 40.

    Härtel (2014), § 11.

  41. 41.

    Hjerp et al. (2010), p. 29. http://www.ieep.eu/assets/644/Better_Regulation_Report.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  42. 42.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1.

  43. 43.

    Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides [2009] OJ L 309/71.

  44. 44.

    Pflanzenschutzgesetz vom 6. Februar 2012 (BGBl. I S. 148, 1281), das durch Art. 375 der Verordnung vom 31. August 2015 (BGBl. I S. 1474) geändert worden ist.

  45. 45.

    Pflanzenschutz-Sachkundeverordnung vom 27. Juni 2013 (BGBl. I S. 1953), die durch Art. 376 der Verordnung vom 31. August 2015 (BGBl. I S. 1474) geändert worden ist.

  46. 46.

    Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread in the Community [2000] OJ L 169/1.

  47. 47.

    Regulation (EC) 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residues levels of pesticides in or on food of plant and animal origin amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC [2005] OJ L 70/1.

  48. 48.

    Directive 2009/127/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 amending Directive 2006/42/EC with regard to machinery for pesticide application [2009] OJ L 310/29.

  49. 49.

    Regulation (EC) 1185/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 concerning statistics on pesticides [2009] OJ L 324/1.

  50. 50.

    Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of active substances [2011] OJ L 153.

  51. 51.

    Commission Regulation (EU) 546/2011 of 10 June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) 11077/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards uniform principles for evaluation and authorisation of plant protection products [2011] OJ L 155/127.

  52. 52.

    Commission Regulation (EU) 574/2011 of 8 June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards labelling requirements for plant protection products [2011] OJ L 155/176.

  53. 53.

    Commission Regulation (EU) 283/2013 of 1 March 2013 setting out the data requirements for active substances, in accordance with Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market [2013] OJ L 93/1.

  54. 54.

    Commission Regulation (EU) 284/2013 of 1 March 2013 setting out the data requirements for plant protection products, in accordance with Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market [2013] OJ L 93/85.

  55. 55.

    Pflanzenbeschauverordnung in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 3. April 2000 (BGBl. I S. 337), die durch Art. 374 der Verordnung vom 31. August 2015 (BGBl. I 1474) geändert worden ist.

  56. 56.

    Pflanzenschutz-Anwendungsverordnung vom 10. November 1992 (BGBl. I S. 1887), die zuletzt durch Art. 1 der Verordnung vom 25. November 2013 (BGBl. I S. 4020) geändert worden ist.

  57. 57.

    Eg Verordnung zur Bekämpfung der Blauschimmelkrankheit des Tabaks vom 13. April 1978 (BGBl. I S. 502), die zuletzt durch Art. 13 der Verordnung vom 10. Oktober 2012 (BGBl. I S. 2113) geändert worden ist.

  58. 58.

    Bienenschutzverordnung vom 22. Juli 1992 (BGBl. I S. 1410), die zuletzt durch Artikel 6 der Verordnung vom 27. Juni 2013 geändert worden ist.

  59. 59.

    Anbaumaterialverordnung vom 16. Juni 1998 (BGBl I S. 1322), die zuletzt durch Artikel 5 der Verordnung vom 10. Oktober 2012 (BGBl i S. 2113) geändert worden ist.

  60. 60.

    Verordnung über das Inverkehrbringen und die Aussaat von mit bestimmten Pflanzenschutzmitteln behandeltem Maissaatgut vom 11. Februar 2009 (BAnz. 2009 Nr. 23 S. 519), die zuletzt durch Artikel 5 der Verordnung vom 27 Juni 2013 (BGBl I S. 1953) geändert worden ist.

  61. 61.

    Pflanzenschutz-Geräteverordnung vom 27. Juni 2013 (BGBl. I S.1953,1962).

  62. 62.

    Verordnung über die Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit Luftfahrzeugen vom 27. Juni 2013 (BGBl. I S. 1953, 1970).

  63. 63.

    Pflanzenschutz-Gebührenverordnung vom 22.Oktober 2013 (BGBl. I S. 3872).

  64. 64.

    The Regulation came into effect on 14 June 2011.

  65. 65.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, art 1.

  66. 66.

    Mereu (2011), p. 553.

  67. 67.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, art 7–13.

  68. 68.

    http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/index_en.htm. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  69. 69.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, recital 12: “To ensure consistency in evaluation, an independent scientific review should be performed by the European Food Safety Authority (…)”.

  70. 70.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, recital 12: “To ensure consistency in evaluation, an independent scientific review should be performed by the European Food Safety Authority (…)”.

  71. 71.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, recital 29 and art 40.

  72. 72.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, art 28–57.

  73. 73.

    European Commission, ‘Guidance document of 11 July 2014 on zonal evaluation and mutual recognition under Regulation (EC) 1107/2009’ SANCO/13169/2010/rev. 9.

  74. 74.

    North zone: Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden; Central: Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia and the United Kingdom; South zone: Bulgaria, Spain, Greece, France, Italy, Cyprus, Malta and Portugal. http://www.ctgb.nl/en/news/topic-dossiers/harmonisation-in-the-eu/zonal-system-ppp. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  75. 75.

    For more information about the application procedure in Germany see: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (2015b). http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_dok_Zulassung_Ausfuellhinweise_EN.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  76. 76.

    Pingen (2012), ch 17.

  77. 77.

    Pursuant to Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides [2009] OJ L 309/71, art 3 no 6 integrated pest management means “careful consideration of all available plant protection methods and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of harmful organisms and keep the use of plant protection products and other forms of intervention to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. ‘Integrated pest management’ emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pet control mechanisms”.

  78. 78.

    See Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides [2009] OJ L 309/71, art 4.

  79. 79.

    § 1 PflSchG from 6 February 2012 (BGBl. I S. 148, ber. S. 1281), zuletzt geändert durch Art. 375 der Verordnung vom 31. August 2015 (BGBl. I S. 1474).

  80. 80.

    See § 22 PflSchG, § 6 (3) PflschG.

  81. 81.

    Pingen (2012), ch 17, p. 644.

  82. 82.

    § 12 (1) PflSchG in short states that: Plant Protection Products may only be used singly or mixed when they are authorised, the authorisation is not at rest and only in the area covered by the authorisation and only according to the determined application rules.

  83. 83.

    “The JKI is the Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants in Germany and an autonomous superior federal authority directly subordinated to the Federal Ministry of Food and agriculture” http://www.jki.bund.de/en/startseite/ueber-uns.html. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  84. 84.

    See §§ 33, 34 PflSchG. According to § 34 (1) the BfR evaluates the risks regarding human health, animals and the avoidance of risks to health through soil contamination; the JKI evaluates the effectiveness, unacceptable effects on protected plants, plant products and honeybees as well as unnecessary suffering and pain for vertebrates; the UBA evaluates the avoidance of damages to the ecosystem as well as damages due to waste pesticides.

  85. 85.

    See § 9 PflSchG.

  86. 86.

    According to § 11 PflSchG these records can be kept electronically or in writing.

  87. 87.

    Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC [2009] OJ L 309/1, art 67 no 1.

  88. 88.

    §§ 13, 14 PflSchG, Vorschriften für die Einschränkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Verbote.

  89. 89.

    National Action Plans of the EU Member States: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/sustainable_use_pesticides/nap_en. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  90. 90.

    Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2013). http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Publications/NAP.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  91. 91.

    E.g. the Potsdam I and II Programmes in 2002 and 2003 which established a dialogue on future guidelines for plant protection policy. https://www.nap-pflanzenschutz.de/ueber-den-aktionsplan/historie/. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  92. 92.

    For further information concerning the history and the aims of the German Action Plans see Hommel (2012). https://openagrar.bmel-forschung.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/Document_derivate_00006817/165.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  93. 93.

    Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2013). http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Publications/NAP.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  94. 94.

    https://www.nap-pflanzenschutz.de/en/about-the-national-action-plan/. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  95. 95.

    Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2013). http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Publications/NAP.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  96. 96.

    Noleppa and von Witzke (2013). https://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/departments/daoe/bk/ihe/Veroeff/psm_markteffekte_final.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  97. 97.

    Noleppa and von Witzke (2013). https://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/departments/daoe/bk/ihe/Veroeff/psm_markteffekte_final.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  98. 98.

    European Economic and Social Committee, ‘Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee of 8 April 2003 on the “Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Towards a thematic strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides” (COM (2002) 349 final)’ OJ C 85/112, 5.9.

  99. 99.

    European Economic and Social Committee, ‘Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee of 8 April 2003 on the “Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Towards a thematic strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides” (COM (2002) 349 final)’ OJ C 85/112, 1.3.

  100. 100.

    Möckel (2007), p. 177.

  101. 101.

    Möckel et al. (2015a). media.repro-mayr.de/11/643111.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  102. 102.

    Brüggemann (2015). http://www.topagrar.com/news/Home-top-News-Habeck-plant-offenbar-Steuer-auf-Pflanzenschutzmittel-2498928.html. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  103. 103.

    Möckel et al. (2015a). media.repro-mayr.de/11/643111.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  104. 104.

    Möckel et al. (2015a). media.repro-mayr.de/11/643111.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  105. 105.

    Umweltbundesamt (2014). https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/soil-agriculture/ecological-impact-of-farming/fertilizer. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  106. 106.

    Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (2015). http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Broschueren/Agrarbericht2015.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  107. 107.

    Umweltbundesamt (2014). https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/soil-agriculture/ecological-impact-of-farming/fertilizer. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  108. 108.

    FAO (2013), p. 49.

  109. 109.

    German Advisory Council on the Environment (2015), p. 2. http://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/02_Special_Reports/2012_2016/2015_01_Nitrogen_Strategies_summary.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  110. 110.

    German Advisory Council on the Environment, Scientific Advisory Boards for Agricultural Policy (WBA) and for Fertiliser Issues (WBD) at the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) (2013), p. 2. http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Ministry/Scientific_Advisory_Board-AmendmentDueV.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  111. 111.

    Düngegesetz vom 9. Januar 2009 (BGBl. I S. 54, 136), das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 5. Mai 2017 (BGBl. I S. 1068) geändert worden ist.

  112. 112.

    Pingen (2012), ch 17; Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz vom 24. Februar 2012 (BGBl. I S. 212), das zuletzt durch Artikel 4 des Gesetzes vom 4. April 2016 (BGBl. I S. 569) geändert worden ist.

  113. 113.

    Härtel (2001), pp. 85 ff.

  114. 114.

    Köpl (2011), § 19.

  115. 115.

    Pingen (2012), ch 17, p. 622.

  116. 116.

    Pingen (2012), ch 17, p. 622.

  117. 117.

    BGBl I S. 558.

  118. 118.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1.

  119. 119.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1, art 3.

  120. 120.

    Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture (86/278/EEC) [1986] OJ L 181/6. This Directive sets rules regarding the use of sewage sludge as a fertiliser. It helps to prevent that sewage sludge is harming the environment or human health as it may impair the quality of soil, surface and ground water.

  121. 121.

    Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC) [1991] OJ L 375/1.

  122. 122.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1.

  123. 123.

    Düngegesetz vom 9. Januar 2009 (BGBl. I S. 54, 136), das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 5. Mai 2017 (BGBl. I S. 1068) geändert worden ist.

  124. 124.

    Verordnung über die Anwendung von Düngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen, Kultursubstraten und Pflanzenhilfsmitteln nach den Grundsätzen der guten fachlichen Praxis beim Düngen vom 26. Mai 2017 (BGBl. I S. 1305).

  125. 125.

    Verordnung über das Inverkehrbringen und Befördern von Wirtschaftsdüngern vom 21. Juli 2012 (BGBl. I S. 1062).

  126. 126.

    Düngemittelverordnung vom 5. Dezember 2012 (BGBl I S. 2482), die durch Artikel 1 der Verordnung vom 27. Mai 2015 (BGBl. I S. 886) geändert worden ist.

  127. 127.

    Gesetz zur Förderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der umweltverträglichen Bewirtschaftung von Abfällen (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz—KrWG) vom 24. Februar 2012 (BGBl. I S. 212).

  128. 128.

    Verordnung über die Verwertung von Bioabfällen auf landwirtschaftlich, forstwirtschaftlich und gärtnerisch genutzten Böden (Bioabfallverordnung—BioAbfV) vom 4. April 2013 (BGB. I S. 658).

  129. 129.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1.

  130. 130.

    http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Al21278. Accessed 16 April 2017.

  131. 131.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1, recital 2.

  132. 132.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1, art 3.

  133. 133.

    Regulation (EC) 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilisers [2003] OJ L 304/1, Annex V. The competent authority in Germany is the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. A list of all National Authorities in Europe can be found here http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/specific-chemicals/index_en.htm. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  134. 134.

    Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services (2010), p. iii. http://ec.europa.eu/smart-regulation/evaluation/search/download.do?documentId=4416. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  135. 135.

    Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services (2010), p. iii. http://ec.europa.eu/smart-regulation/evaluation/search/download.do?documentId=4416. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  136. 136.

    See http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/index_en.html. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  137. 137.

    Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC) [1991] OJ L 375/1, art 5 and Annex III.

  138. 138.

    Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC) [1991] OJ L 375/1, Annex III no 1.

  139. 139.

    Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2012), p. 5. http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Agriculture/OrganicFarming/Nitratbericht-2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  140. 140.

    Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and Federal Ministry of Food (2012), p. 24. http://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Agriculture/OrganicFarming/Nitratbericht-2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 24 April 2017.

  141. 141.

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    Düngegesetz vom 9. Januar 2009 (BGBl. I S. 54, 136), das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 5. Mai 2017 (BGBl. I S. 1068) geändert worden ist.

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    An unofficial translation of the Fertiliser Law can be found here http://www.bmel.de/EN/Ministry/Political-staff/_Texte/Fertilisation-Act.html. Accessed 24 April 2017.

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    This Regulation is directly applicable.

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    Düngemittelverordnung vom 5. Dezember 2012 (BGBl I S. 2482), die durch Artikel 1 der Verordnung vom 27. Mai 2015 (BGBl. I S. 886) geändert worden ist.

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    § 3 (4) Fertiliser Law.

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    BR-Drs. 131/17, Erstes Gesetz zur Änderung des Düngegesetzes und anderer Vorschriften, 17.02.2017.

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    § 11 (2) Fertiliser Law.

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    For further information, see https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/what-horizon-2020. Accessed 25 April 2017.

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    The idea of the Circular Economy Package is outlined in the outlook. For further information, see European Commission, ‘European Commission (2016). http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-827_en.htm. Accessed 25 April 2017.

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    The “better regulation policy” is an important instrument in the EU. It ensures that legislation and other important measures are, at every stage prepared, implemented and reviewed in an open and transparent way. See, European Commission COM (2015b) 215 final.

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    Düngeverordnung vom 26. Mai 2017 (BGBl. I S. 1305).

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    German Advisory Council on the Environment/Scientific Advisory Boards for Agricultural Policy (WBA) and for Fertiliser Issues (WBD) at the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) (2013), p. 4.

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    Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy [2000] OJ L 327/1.

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    Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) [2008] OJ L 164/19.

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    § 1 Fertiliser Application Ordinance.

  159. 159.

    § 8 Fertiliser Application Ordinance.

  160. 160.

    § 10 Fertiliser Application Ordinance.

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    German Advisory Council on the Environment/Scientific Advisory Boards for Agricultural Policy (WBA) and for Fertiliser Issues (WBD) at the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) (2013), p. 11.

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    See http://www.bmel.de/DE/Landwirtschaft/Pflanzenbau/Ackerbau/_Texte/Duengung.html#doc604012bodyText7.

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    German Advisory Council on the Environment and Scientific Advisory Boards for Agricultural Policy (WBA) and for Fertiliser Issues (WBD) at the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) (2013), p. 3.

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    The application amounts of agricultural chemical fertilisers mean the actual quantity of fertiliser used in agricultural production, including nitrogen, phosphate, potash and compound fertilisers. It is calculated by fold scalar discount. The fold scalar discounts the contents of the nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, potassium in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively, and compound fertilisers convert with major components. The formula is: fold scalar = physical quantity × the percentage of active ingredient content of certain fertilisers.

  183. 183.

    There are the “Regulations on Pesticide Administration”, “Measures for Implementing the Regulation on Pesticide Administration”, “Regulation on the Registration Data of Pesticide, ”Data Requirements on Pesticide Registration”, ”Management Measures for the Production of Pesticides”, “Examination Standards for Pesticide Advertisements”, “Checking Methods for Pesticide Advertisements”, “Measures for Implementing the Regulation on Pesticide Administration”, “Administrative Provisions of Restrictions on the Use of Pesticide “, “Management Measures for the Production of Pesticides” and so on.

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    Also known as “Regulation for the Control of Agrochemicals”.

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    https://agrochemical.chemlinked.com/chempedia/chinese-pesticide-legislation-overview#Field%20Trial. Accessed 24 April 2017.

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    https://agrochemical.chemlinked.com/chempedia/chinese-pesticide-legislation-overview#Temporary%20Registration. Accessed 24 April 2017.

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    https://agrochemical.chemlinked.com/chempedia/chinese-pesticide-legislation-overview#Full%20Registration. Accessed 24 April 2017.

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    See about this https://agrochemical.chemlinked.com/chempedia/chinese-pesticide-legislation-overview. Accessed 24 April 2017.

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    Referred from the third term in “Notice on Improving Pesticide Registration Management”.

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    Chunjuan (1989), p. 41.

  192. 192.

    Shaoming (1989), p. 5.

  193. 193.

    Pesticide listed below is fake pesticide: (1) a non-pesticide substance passed off as a pesticide or one pesticide passed off as another; (2) a pesticide whose category and name of effective ingredients does not tally with that described on the label or in the directions for use. Pesticide listed below is pesticide of inferior quality: (1) failing to meet the quality standards of pesticide product; (2) losing utilization efficiency; (3) mixing with harmful ingredients that may cause hazards.

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    Referred from Article 35 and Article 36 in the “Regulation on Pesticide Administration”.

  195. 195.

    The Department of Industry Policy and Law of the Ministry of Agriculture (2013), p. 127.

  196. 196.

    Yanping (2009), p. 698.

  197. 197.

    Unknown Author (2010a), p. 15.

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    Referred from Article 20 Item 1 in the “Regulation on Pesticide Administration”.

  199. 199.

    Referred from Article 22 Item 1 in the “Regulation on Pesticide Administration”.

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    Referred from Article 43 in the “Regulation on Pesticide Administration”.

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    Referenced Regulation on Pesticide Administration, Article 40.

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    Referenced Opinions on Further Improving the Administration of Pesticides, Section 2.

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    Yongqing (2000), p. 5.

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    Liuxueguang (2008), p. 8.

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    Dingpei (2009).

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    Shendudu (2009).

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    General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (2006), p. 29.

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    General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (2008), p. 9.

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    Unknown Author (2010b), p. 23.

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    Yiting (2009).

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    Wanchao (2009).

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  1. Tax Administration, Federal State of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Anne-Kristin Mayer

  2. China Agricultural University, Department of Law, Beijing, China

    Heng Wang

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  1. Faculty of Law, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

    Ines Härtel

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Mayer, AK., Wang, H. (2018). Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers. In: Härtel, I. (eds) Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_5

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