Introduction

Abstract

Leadership and leadership processes are important concepts in Islam. According to the Islamic worldview, the best leaders are the Prophets of God–Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad, to name a few. They are believed to be best because of their moral courage, sincerity, trustworthiness, humility, kindness, generosity, and consultative approach, among other traits. Therefore, we procure ample lessons from their teachings and exemplary lifestyles. Ibn Khaldun, the fourteenth century philosopher, historian, and sociologist, emphasizes the personal qualities of a leader, and called them “perfecting details,” which were needed for leadership and institutionalizing leadership. They include:

Generosity, forgiveness of error, patience and perseverance, hospitality toward guests, maintenance of the indigent, patience in unpleasant situations, execution of commitments, respect for the religious law, reverence for old men and teachers, fairness, meekness, consideration to the needs of followers, adherence to the obligations of religious laws, and avoidance of deception and fraud (Sidani 2008, p.70).

The Qur’an advises its readers to follow the Prophets of God as role models, “Those were the people God guided, follow the guidance they received” (6:90), and “The Messenger of God is an excellent model for those of you who put your hope in God and the Last Day and remember Him often” (33:21). Leadership is based on trust and responsibility, which is subject to accountability in this life and the next. When one of the companions (followers) of the Prophet Muhammad asked for a leadership position, the response he received was insightful and truthful, “You are weak,” said the Prophet, “and leadership is a trust; it is a disgrace and regret on the Day of Judgment except for those who claim it rightfully, and fulfill its responsibility.” That is the reason that Islam sees leadership as a responsibility and not a privilege. A leader, political or otherwise, has the duty to serve (servant leadership), and his authority is sanctioned by his followers. In Islam, leadership is based on merit and competence, it is not inherited.